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EC number: 236-675-5 | CAS number: 13463-67-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Monitoring data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- monitoring data
- Type of information:
- other: report
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Referenceopen allclose all
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
- Report date:
- 2005
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 017
- Report date:
- 2017
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Evaluation and summary of high quality environmental geochemical data for Europe, which is provided by the Forum of European Geological Surveys (FOREGS) and the European Geochemical Mapping of Agricultural and Grazing Land Soil (GEMAS), with respect to Ti concentrations in stream water, stream sediment, sub- and topsoil, as well as in agricultural soil and grazing land. In addition, an overview of titanium solubility, possible chemical species and their calculated areas of thermodynamic stability under environmentally relevant conditions is included.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of measurement:
- other: Geochemical background and ambient Ti concentrations in environmental compartments across Europe
- Media:
- other: Natural stream water, stream sediment and soil (top- and subsoil), as well as agricultural and grazing land soils
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Titanium dioxide
- EC Number:
- 236-675-5
- EC Name:
- Titanium dioxide
- Cas Number:
- 13463-67-7
- Molecular formula:
- O2Ti
- IUPAC Name:
- dioxotitanium
- Test material form:
- other: elemental concentrations
- Details on test material:
- naturally occuring titanium
Constituent 1
Study design
- Details on sampling:
- FOREGS:
-The FOREGS sampling grid was based on GTN grid cells developed for Global Geochemical Baseline mapping. This grid divides the entire land surface into 160 km x 160 km cells covering an area of 4,500,000 km2.
- Sampling methodology, preparation and analysis are described by Salminen et al. (2005).
- A total of 808 stream water samples and 852 sediment samples were processed in the FOREGS-program, including 757 paired samples, i.e. samples with the same coordinates for the sampling location of stream water and sediment that are summarised below. However, Ti concentrations in six stream water samples were reported with “0.0” (five samples) or “-1.0” (1 sample), and respective samples were excluded from the analysis, resulting in a total of 751 paired samples summarised below. However, including these six samples with estimated concentrations of ½ LOD (=0.005 µg/L) does shift the summary statistics negligibly.
- The FOREGS dataset reports titanium concentrations as titanium dioxide concentrations for 845 topsoil and 788 subsoil samples sampled on a grid across Europe. Two different depth related samples were taken at each site: a topsoil sample from 0-25 cm (excluding material from the organic layer where present), and a subsoil sample from a 25 cm thick section within a depth range of 50 to 200 cm (the C soil horizon). Data from sampling locations with similar coordinates were selected to match subsoil with topsoil samples resulting in 782 paired samples.
- High quality and consistency of the obtained data were ensured by using standardised sampling methods and by treating and analysing all samples in the same laboratory of each country.
GEMAS:
- Samples from 33 out of 38 European countries were analysed to develop a suitable harmonised geochemical database for soils. The sampling started in the spring 2008 and the first four months of 2009.
- The whole GEMAS project area of 5,600,000 km2 was divided into a grid with 50 km x 50 km cells.
- To generate harmonised data sets, all project samples were processed by a central sample preparation facility in Slovakia.
- The GEMAS dataset reports titanium and titanium dioxide concentrations for 2108 samples (including field duplicates) from the ploughing soil layer (Ap-horizon) of agricultural land (arable land; 0 - 20 cm) and for 2023 samples (including field duplicates) from the topmost part soil on grazing land (soil under permanent grass cover; 0 – 10 cm) sampled on a grid across Europe.
Results and discussion
Any other information on results incl. tables
FOREGS DATABASE STREAM WATER/SEDIMENT:
- Sampled stream water and sediments cover a wide range of environmental conditions. Water parameters such as pH, hardness and organic carbon concentrations cover several magnitudes. Dissolved/dispersed titanium water levels range from < 0.1 to 16.80 µg Ti/L with 5thand 95thpercentiles of 0.10 and 4.21 µg Ti/L, respectively.
- The FOREGS dataset reports titanium dioxide concentrations of the sediment. Respective TiO2-data were converted into titanium concentrations to enable comparison of sediment with dissolved/dispersed stream water concentrations. Sediment concentrations of Ti range from 0.01 to 2.99 % Ti with 5thand 95thpercentiles of 0.14 and 0.81 % Ti, respectively (Table 1).
- Taking into account the high quality and representativeness of the data set, the 95thpercentile of 4.21 µg Ti/L can be regarded as typical background concentration for dissolved/dispersed titanium in European surface waters and the 95thpercentile of 0.81 % Ti as typical background concentration of European stream sediments.
- Even though Ti concentrations of sediments can be as high as 3 %, dissolved/dispersed Ti concentrations in the water column of European stream waters are well below 20 µg/L. These monitoring stream water and sediment data provide strong evidence that Ti is sparingly soluble in a wide representative range of European stream waters.
Table1: Paired titanium and titanium dioxide concentrations of stream water, sediments and respective partitioning
Parameter |
# |
Unit |
Min. |
Max. |
Mean |
STDEV |
5thp |
50thp |
90thp |
95thp |
|
water |
pH1 |
7432 7314 |
- |
9.8 |
4.5 |
6.6 6.6 |
5.85 5.84 |
8.5 8.5 |
7.7 7.7 |
6.5 6.5 |
6.1 6.1 |
water |
Ca |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.23 |
592.00 |
56.58 56.43 |
62.47 62.02 |
1.72 1.70 |
43.10 43.10 |
117.60 117.76 |
148.25 148.21 |
water |
Cl |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.14 |
4560.00 |
34.92 35.35 |
198.40 199.97 |
0.49 0.51 |
9.48 9.50 |
43.79 44.03 |
69.78 72.31 |
water |
HCO3 |
7495 7374 |
mg/L |
0.69 |
1804.42 |
156.11 156.12 |
145.92 146.41 |
5.96 5.84 |
134.00 131.67 |
335.72 335.91 |
372.40 374.55 |
water |
K |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.01 |
182.00 |
3.15 3.18 |
7.57 7.62 |
0.15 0.15 |
1.65 1.66 |
6.87 6.91 |
9.83 9.87 |
water |
Mg |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.05 |
230.00 |
11.74 11.75 |
19.60 19.71 |
0.48 0.49 |
6.25 6.25 |
26.55 26.52 |
38.37 38.80 |
water |
Na |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.23 |
4030.00 |
24.15 24.41 |
163.76 165.07 |
1.01 1.03 |
6.80 6.80 |
25.69 25.72 |
48.31 48.39 |
water |
NO3 |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.02 |
107.00 |
9.38 9.47 |
13.67 13.75 |
0.02 0.02 |
3.10 3.19 |
29.03 29.08 |
39.80 39.90 |
water |
DOC |
7463 7374 |
mg/L |
0.25 |
57.94 |
7.38 7.45 |
8.08 8.10 |
0.60 0.61 |
4.78 4.82 |
16.31 16.40 |
23.01 23.08 |
water |
SO4 |
751 7394 |
mg/L |
0.15 |
2420.00 |
54.11 53.73 |
157.74 157.22 |
1.19 1.19 |
16.96 17.49 |
103.64 103.13 |
172.22 168.04 |
water |
Dissolved/dispersed Ti |
751 7394 |
µg/L |
0.10 |
16.80 |
1.46 1.47 |
1.96 1.97 |
0.10 0.10 |
0.90 0.90 |
2.90 2.90 |
4.25 4.21 |
sediment |
Ti |
751 7394 |
% |
0.01 |
2.99 |
0.42 0.42 |
0.24 0.24 |
0.14 0.14 |
0.39 0.39 |
0.63 0.63 |
0.80 0.81 |
Partitioning (Kd) |
Ti (sed / water) |
751 7394 |
L/kg |
182,527 |
119,329,191 |
8,922,560 8,862,395 |
14,215,816 14,182,762 |
747,891 733,573 |
3,792,985 3,695,949 |
21,616,304 21,348,598 |
40,635,455 40,084,060 |
Log Kd |
Ti (sed / water) |
751 7394 |
- |
5.26 |
8.08 |
6.62 6.62 |
0.51 0.51 |
5.87 5.87 |
6.58 6.57 |
7.33 7.33 |
7.61 7.60 |
1Statistics are based on H+concentrations rather than pH.
2Removal of 2 outliers < pH 4.3 and 6 negative values.
3Removal of 1 outlier > 70 mg/L and 4 negative values.
4Values from Switzerland and Albania are not included.
5Removal of 2 outliers < 0.01.
FOREGS DATABASE STREAM TOP-AND SUBSOIL:
- Sampled soils cover a wide range of environmental conditions. Soil parameters, including pH and TOC, cover several magnitudes.
- Baseline titanium levels in topsoil range from 0.013 % Ti to 2.496 % Ti with 5thand 95th percentiles of 0.113 and 0.663 % Ti, respectively. In subsoil, concentrations of Ti range from 0.007 % to 1.881 % with the 5thand 95thpercentiles of 0.085 % and 0.645 % Ti, respectively (seeTable 2).
- Taking into account the high quality and representativeness of the data set, the 95th percentiles of 0.663 and 0.645 % Ti can be regarded as typical background concentrations of titanium dioxide in top- and subsoils of EU countries, respectively.
Table 2: Concentrations of titanium dioxide in top- and subsoil samples
Parameter |
Unit |
# |
Min |
Max |
Mean |
STDEV |
5thp |
50thp |
90thp |
95thp |
|
topsoil |
pH1 |
- |
756 7472 |
7.55 |
3.38 |
4.85 4.85 |
4.54 4.54 |
4.28 4.28 |
5.45 5.45 |
4.44 4.44 |
7.26 7.26 |
TOC |
% |
759 7502 |
0.07 |
46.61 |
2.47 2.39 |
3.24 2.91 |
0.58 0.58 |
1.72 1.72 |
4.56 4.45 |
5.97 5.86 |
|
TiO2 |
% |
784 7742 |
0.021 |
4.165 |
0.600 0.602 |
0.325 0.326 |
0.185 0.188 |
0.570 0.570 |
0.951 0.953 |
1.11 1.11 |
|
Ti3 |
% |
784 7742 |
0.013 |
2.496 |
0.360 0.361 |
0.195 0.195 |
0.111 0.113 |
0.341 0.341 |
0.570 0.571 |
0.663 0.663 |
|
subsoil |
pH1 |
- |
759 7502 |
7.86 |
2.89 |
5.05 5.05 |
4.22 4.21 |
4.53 4.34 |
5.79 5.80 |
4.74 4.74 |
7.56 7.56 |
TOC4 |
% |
760 7522 |
0.001 |
48.52 |
0.94 0.93 |
2.86 2.86 |
0.01 0.01 |
0.40 0.39 |
1.75 1.72 |
2.72 2.72 |
|
TiO2 |
% |
784 7742 |
0.012 |
3.139 |
0.588 0.589 |
0.322 0.323 |
0.142 0.143 |
0.565 0.563 |
0.935 0.936 |
1.074 1.076 |
|
Ti3 |
784 7742 |
0.007 |
1.881 |
0.353 0.353 |
0.193 0.194 |
0.085 0.085 |
0.338 0.337 |
0.560 0.561 |
0.644 0.645 |
1 Statistics are based on H+concentrations rather than pH.
2Values from Switzerland and Albania are not included.
3Values converted from TiO2.
4For 26 samples with a value of 0 has been replaced by DL/2 (DL=0.01%)
GEMAS DATABASE AGRICULTURAL AND GRAZING LAND SOIL CONCENTRATIONS:
- Baseline titanium levels in agricultural land range from < 0.01 to 2.45 % Ti with 5thand 95th percentiles of 0.11 and 0.60 % Ti, respectively (seeTable 3). In grazing land, concentrations of Ti range from 0.01 to 2.38 % with 5thand 95thpercentiles of 0.09 and 0.61 % Ti, respectively (see Table 4).
Table 3: Agricultural soil concentrations
Parameter |
Unit |
Method |
# |
Min |
Max |
Mean |
STD |
5p |
50p |
90p |
95p |
CEC |
meq/100g |
AAS |
2108*1 1867*2 |
1.80 |
48.30 |
17.93 17.25 |
8.77 8.45 |
6.24 6.10 |
16.40 15.80 |
30.33 29.10 |
34.67 33.30 |
pH (CaCl2) |
pH |
pH-meter |
2108*1 1867*2 |
3.32 |
7.98 |
5.88 5.85 |
1.10 1.12 |
4.18 4.14 |
5.77 5.71 |
7.36 7.37 |
7.45 7.45 |
TOC |
% |
IR |
2095*1 1854*2 |
0.40 |
46.00 |
2.55 2.62 |
3.98 4.21 |
0.70 0.70 |
1.80 1.70 |
3.90 4.10 |
5.40 5.67 |
Ti |
mg/kg |
AR |
2108*1 1867*2 |
2.50 |
7860.10 |
247.77 265.37 |
399.66 413.01 |
16.95 16.94 |
85.70 96.37 |
711.08 746.57 |
973.51 1,006.83 |
Ti3 |
% |
XRF |
2108*1 1867*2 |
0.01 |
2.45 |
0.36 0.36 |
0.18 0.18 |
0.11 0.11 |
0.36 0.35 |
0.54 0.54 |
0.60 0.60 |
mg Ti/kg |
2108*1 1867*2 |
89.90 |
24,549.01 |
3,617.17 3,586.34 |
1,797.22 1,839.66 |
1,108.78 1,132.76 |
3,620.03 3,524.14 |
5,383.90 5,402.48 |
5,955.37 6,028.79 |
||
Ti |
mg/kg |
MMI |
2108*1 1867*2 |
< 0.01 |
13.20 |
0.25 0.28 |
0.60 0.64 |
< 0.01 < 0.01 |
0.04 0.05 |
0.72 0.80 |
1.26 1.39 |
Ti |
% |
AR/XRF |
2108*1 1867*2 |
0.05 |
52.12 |
6.70 7.22 |
8.08 8.33 |
0.52 0.50 |
2.89 3.40 |
18.62 19.73 |
24.72 25.24 |
Ti |
% |
MMI/AR |
2107*1+ 1866*2+ |
< 0.01 |
42.40 |
0.27 0.28 |
1.34 1.40 |
< 0.01 < 0.01 |
0.05 0.05 |
0.49 0.52 |
1.05 1.05 |
*1EU – ALB, BEL, MAL, MLD, ROM
*2EU-28 plus NOR without MAL
3Values converted from TiO2.
+one sample of MMI could not be paired
Table 4: Grazing land soil concentrations
Parameter |
Unit |
Method |
# |
Min |
Max |
Mean |
STD |
5p |
50p |
90p |
95p |
CEC |
meq/100g |
AAS |
2023*1 1781*2 |
2.54 |
49.88 |
20.42 20.01 |
9.40 9.32 |
8.17 8.27 |
18.75 17.96 |
33.87 33.42 |
38.12 37.74 |
pH (CaCl2) |
pH |
pH-meter |
2022*1 1780*2 |
3.26 |
8.06 |
5.68 5.63 |
1.16 1.17 |
4.04 4.03 |
5.45 5.38 |
7.33 7.33 |
7.45 7.45 |
TOC |
% |
IR |
2022*1 1780*2 |
0.41 |
49.00 |
4.05 4.24 |
5.36 5.64 |
0.92 0.94 |
2.70 2.80 |
6.80 7.00 |
10.00 11.05 |
Ti |
mg/kg |
AR |
2023*1 1781*2 |
2.50 |
10,420.82 |
213.14 229.53 |
413.52 432.49 |
15.21 15.35 |
73.71 77.70 |
594.94 642.45 |
859.47 910.45 |
Ti3 |
% |
XRF |
2023*1 1781*2 |
0.01 |
2.38 |
0.35 0.35 |
0.18 0.19 |
0.09 0.09 |
0.36 0.35 |
0.54 0.54 |
0.60 0.61 |
mg/kg |
2023*1 1781*2 |
113.88 |
23,757.96 |
3,537.06 3,516.91 |
1,829.73 1,851.70 |
894.22 911.00 |
3,566.09 3,518.14 |
5,364.12 5,370.11 |
6,031.79 6,065.35 |
||
Ti |
% |
AR/XRF |
2023*1 1781*2 |
0.05 |
56.22 |
5.91 6.39 |
7.67 7.99 |
0.43 0.42 |
2.69 3.04 |
16.25 17.41 |
22.58 23.81 |
*1EU – ALB, BEL, MAL, MLD, ROM
*2EU-28 plus NOR without MAL
3Values converted from TiO2.
Speciation of TiO2in stream water: Thermodynamic stability areas of Ti species as a function of pH
At typical environmental conditions (pH 4-10, elemental concentrations as reported in FOREGS stream waters), TiO2constitutes the predominating solid species according to modeling approaches using Outotec Oyjs HSC8 software (v8.2.0, Eh-pH Diagrams Module) . Aqueous neutral Ti(OH)4, the “hydrous” TiO2species, is prevalent in the pH range 3 – 10, however at nanomolar levels, i.e. < 50 ng/L at 25°C, 100 mM NaCl2, approx. 0.5 mg/L TiO2loading, pH 3 ‑ 11 according to Schmidt & Vogelsberger (2009). In aqueous solutions, unhydrolysed Ti4+(aq) does not remain as a free ion. As solution pH increases, a series of hydrolysed titanium species is formed, of which Ti(OH)4is the predicted predominant environmental aqueous species. This is in agreement with other studies which predicted that Ti(OH)4 constituting the dominant aqueous species and estimated a solubility of TiO2 - nanoparticles at environmentally relevant conditions in the nanomolar range. Based on the performed modelling approaches, TiO2does not dissolve to any significant extent under environmentally relevant conditions and is thus not expected to be bioavailable. Major ions (Ca, Cl, H, K, Mg, Na, S, N) as found in European freshwaters do not appear to affect titanium solubility or speciation.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Typical baseline concentrations for titanium in various environmental compartments as derived from monitoring data are summarised below:
Compartment Typical baseline level (95th P)
Background stream water µ µg dissolved/dispersed Ti/L 4.21
Background stream water sediment % Ti 0.81
Background topsoil % Ti 0.663
Background subsoil % Ti 0.645
Agricultural soil % Ti 0.603
Grazing land soil % Ti 0.607
According to Salminen et al. (2005), titanium is a common lithophile metallic element that forms several minerals, including ilmenite FeTiO3, rutile, brookite, anatase (all TiO2) and sphene CaTiSiO5, but it also occurs as an accessory element in pyroxene, amphibole, mica and garnet.
Titanium has very low mobility under almost all environmental conditions, mainly due to the high stability of the sparingly soluble TiO2 under all, but the most acid conditions, i.e., below pH 2 (Brookins 1988 as referenced in Salminen et al. 2005), a pH typically not observed in the environment. Titanium minerals are resistant to weathering, they occur practically undecomposed in soil. Titanium is mobilised more readily in peats and podzols (Hutton et al. 1972), at low pH (<4.5) and in the presence of organic acids. Based on the FOREGS dataset, Ti concentrations of topsoils can be as high as 2.5 % but are typically below 0.7 % (95th P = 0.663 %). Typical Ti concentrations below 0.7 % were also measured in agricultural and grazing land (95th P = 0.6 %) with a maximum around 2.4 %. Total Ti concentrations of agricultural and grazing land soil of the EU28+Norway are 3,524 and 3,518 mg/kg. However, only 3.40 % (agricultural land) and 3.04 % (grazing land) of total titanium was extractable by aqua regia (all median values).
Some Ti may dissolve in stream water through weathering of ferromagnesian minerals and authigenic phases, such as anatase, but dispersal is generally restricted by adsorption to clays. Titanium may further be removed from the water column by flocculation of colloidal material, adsorption and scavenging by precipitation of Mn and Fe oxides (Skrabal 1995 as referenced in Salminen et al. 1998).
Based on the FOREGS dataset, dissolved/dispersed titanium concentrations in European stream waters, can go up to 16.8 µg/L but are generally below 4.5 µg/L (95th P = 4.21 µg/L). Titanium exists only in a fully hydrated form, TiO2 * n H2O, in water above pH 2, and is, therefore, transported in a colloidal state rather than as dissolved ion (Skrabal 1995 as referenced in Salminen et al. 1998). This is further supported by thermodynamic stability data and speciation modelling, which suggests TiO2 * n H2O to consitute the dominating species within environmentally relevant pH values and within the ionic composition of stream waters as provided by the FOREGS dataset. Because of the propensity of TiO2 for hydrolysis, other titanium hydroxo complexes than TiO2 * n H2O are rare within a pH range of pH 4-10. According to Salminen et al. (2005), a large proportion of the Ti in stream water sediments is held in minerals, such as rutile, ilmenite and sphene, all of which are relatively insoluble. Based on the FOREGS dataset, Ti concentrations of sediments can be as high as 3 % but are typically below 0.9 % (95th P = 0.81 %).
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