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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 231-778-1 | CAS number: 7726-95-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Bromine is a highly reactive substance which is well known to cause burns to skin and eyes. and is classified/labelled with symbol "C" (R35, causes severe burns) and "T+" (R26, very toxic by inhalation). Acute inhalation studies in animals have been submitted (Annex VIII Section 8.5.2) in support of the existing classification. Therefore in accordance with the conditions outlined under the column 2 adaptation for this endpoint, it is not necessary to conduct the acute oral or dermal toxicity tests.
In an acute inhalation exposure study in male albino mice, mortalities and time to death were measured for bromine as well as for chlorine, formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide. For bromine at a constant concentration, time of death depended markedly on exposure duration. The LT50 value for 750 ppm was 9 minutes, and for 240 ppm was 100 minutes. Median time of death at the LT50 value was 11 and 6 days, respectively.
The study by Bitron and Aharonson (1978) was considered by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to provide sufficient data for the derivation of the relationship between concentrations that resulted in lethality (LC50 values) and exposure duration that could be expressed as: C2.2x t = k. Based on the data, and using the relationship expressed, Oak Ridge National Laboratory calculated an overall LC50 value for this study to be 424 ppm for a 30 minute exposure.
Schlagbauer and Henschler (1967) found inhalation of bromine by groups of female NMRI mice led to severe irritation and corrosion of the respiratory tract. Death occurred through lung edema and bronchospasm secondary to the irritation. A 30 min LC50 of 174 ppm was derived. No mortality occurred after 3 hours of exposure to 22 ppm of bromine, while 7/10 animals died after exposure to 22 ppm of bromine for 6 hours. 40 ppm of bromine inhaled for 3 hours led to mortality of 3/10 animals, while 9/10 animals died after exposure to the same concentration for 6 hours.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Acute toxicity: via inhalation route
Endpoint conclusion
- Dose descriptor:
- discriminating conc.
- Value:
- 0.7 mg/m³ air
Additional information
Bromine is a highly reactive substance which is well known to cause burns to skin and eyes and is classified/labelled with symbol “C” (R35, causes severe burns) and “T+” (R26, very toxic by inhalation). Acute inhalation studies in animals have been submitted (Annex VIII Section 8.5.2) in support of the existing classification. Therefore, in accordance with the conditions outlined under the column 2 adaptation for this endpoint, it is not necessary to conduct the acute oral or dermal toxicity tests.
In an acute inhalation exposure study in male albino mice, mortalities and time to death were measured for bromine as well as for chlorine, formaldehyde and sulfur dioxide. For bromine at a constant concentration, time of death depended markedly on exposure duration. The LT50 value for 750 ppm was 9 minutes, and for 240 ppm was 100 minutes. Median time of death at the LT50 value were 11 and 6 days, respectively.
The study by Bitron and Aharonson (1978) was considered by Oak Ridge National Laboratory to provide sufficient data for the derivation of the relationship between concentrations that resulted in lethality (LC50values) and exposure duration that could be expressed as: C2.2x t = k. Based on the data, and using the relationship expressed, Oak Ridge National Laboratory calculated an overall LC50value for this study to be 424 ppm for a 30 minute exposure.
Schlagbauer and Henschle (1967) found inhalation of bromine by groups of female NMRI mice led to severe irritation and corrosion of the respiratory tract. Death occurred through lung edema and bronchospasm secondary to the irritation. A 30 min LC50of 174 ppm was derived. No mortality occurred after 3 hours of exposure to 22 ppm of bromine, while 7/10 animals died after exposure to 22 ppm of bromine for 6 hours. 40 ppm of bromine inhaled for 3 hours led to mortality of 3/10 animals, while 9/10 animals died after exposure to the same concentration for 6 hours.
The existing key studies show that acute toxicity of bromine is related initially to the corrosive effects of the substance. Data in both animals and humans indicate that there is an additional delay factor which affects the concentration at which acute toxic effects are observed. Based on the available animal data the LC50 (4 hr) is below 40 ppm. Clinical observations of humans after acute bromine exposure indicate that the toxic level could be lower than that observed in animals but there are no measured air borne concentrations in these cases.
An Indicative Occupational Exposure Level value (IOELV) given in Directive 2006/15/EC (8 hr IOELV = 0.7 mg/m3or 0.1 ppm) has been set for bromine. In view of the irritant effects on mucous membranes at comparable exposure concentrations the IOELV is also applicable for the potential for acute toxicity/irritation in humans.
Justification for classification or non-classification
Bromine is a highly reactive substance which is well known to cause burns to skin and eyes and is classified/labelled with symbol "C" (R35, causes severe burns) and "T+" (R26, very toxic by inhalation). Acute inhalation studies in animals have been submitted (Annex VIII Section 8.5.2) in support of the existing classification.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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