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EC number: 204-402-9 | CAS number: 120-51-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Partition coefficient
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- partition coefficient
- Type of information:
- other: Cited reference value in an OECD method
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: No method given on measurement but OECD reference value
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No reference to method used to measure reference substance is described
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- HPLC method
- Partition coefficient type:
- octanol-water
- Type:
- log Pow
- Partition coefficient:
- ca. 4
- Remarks on result:
- other: no data on Temperature or pH given. Recommended pH: 5 - 9.
- Conclusions:
- Benzyl benzoate is cited in OECD 117 partition coefficient method as a reference substance value = Log Pow of 4. As such the value is considered reliable and robust
- Executive summary:
Benzyl benzoate is cited in OECD 117 partition coefficient method as a reference substance value = Log Pow of 4. As such the value is considered reliable and robust.
- Endpoint:
- partition coefficient
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- No method details
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Type of method:
- other: specific method not reported
- Partition coefficient type:
- octanol-water
- Analytical method:
- not specified
- Type:
- log Pow
- Partition coefficient:
- ca. 3.97
- Temp.:
- 25 °C
- Remarks on result:
- other: No details on pH stated
- Conclusions:
- The log Pow was stated as 3.97 at 25 degrees centigrade.
- Executive summary:
The log Pow was stated as 3.97 at 25 degrees centigrade.
- Endpoint:
- partition coefficient
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 4 (not assignable)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- data from handbook or collection of data
- Guideline:
- other: ECHA Guidance Document R.6 (2008), as well as several scientifically proven methods
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: no data
- Partition coefficient type:
- octanol-water
- Type:
- log Pow
- Partition coefficient:
- 3.97
- Remarks on result:
- other: pH and Temperature not reported
- Conclusions:
- The partition coefficient was experimentally determined to logP = 3.97.
- Executive summary:
The partition coefficient was experimentally determined to logP = 3.97.
- Endpoint:
- partition coefficient
- Type of information:
- (Q)SAR
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- results derived from a valid (Q)SAR model and falling into its applicability domain, with adequate and reliable documentation / justification
- Justification for type of information:
- 1. SOFTWARE
Individual model KOWWIN included in the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite.
2. MODEL (incl. version number)
KOWWIN v1.69 included in EPISuite v 4.11, ©2000 - 2015
3. SMILES OR OTHER IDENTIFIERS USED AS INPUT FOR THE MODEL
A SMILES NOTATION was entered in the initial data entry screen. In the structure window, the molecular weight, structural formula and the structure of the input SMILES notation is shown.
4. SCIENTIFIC VALIDITY OF THE (Q)SAR MODEL
a. Defined Endpoint: Octanol-water partition coefficient
b. Explicit algorithm:
The program methodology is known as an Atom/Fragment Contribution (AFC) method. KOWWIN uses a "fragment constant" methodology to predict log P. In a "fragment constant" method, a structure is divided into fragments (atom or larger functional groups) and coefficient values of each fragment or group are summed together to yield the log P estimate.
The equation is as follows: Log Kow = Sum (fini) + Sum (cjnj) + 0.229, where Sum (fini) is the summation of fi (the coefficient for each atom/fragment) times ni (the number of times the atom/fragment occurs in the structure), and (cjnj) is the summation of cj (the coefficient for each correction factor) times nj (the number of times the correction factor occurs (or is applied) in the molecule). The program requires only a chemical structure to estimate a log P. KOWWIN initially separates a molecule into distinct atom/fragments. For various types of structures, that log P estimates made from atom/fragment values alone could or needed to be improved by inclusion of substructures larger or more complex than "atoms"; hence, correction factors were added to the AFC method.
c. Descriptor selection:
As the program requires only a chemical structure to estimate a log P, KOWWIN initially separates a molecule into distinct atom/fragments. Each non-hydrogen atom (e.g. carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, etc.) in a structure is a "core" for a fragment; the exact fragment is determined by what is connected to the atom. Several functional groups are treated as core "atoms". Connections to each core "atom" are either general or specific. For example, aromatic carbon, aromatic oxygen and aromatic sulfur atoms have nothing but general connections; i.e., the fragment is the same no matter what is connected to the atom. In contrast, the aliphatic carbon atom does not matter what is connected to -CH3, -CH2-, or -CH<, the fragment is the same; however, an aliphatic carbon with no hydrogens has two possible fragments: (a) if there are four single bonds with 3 or more carbon connections and (b) any other not meeting the first criteria. Additionally, for various types of structures, need to be improved by inclusion of substructures larger or more complex than "atoms" by adding correction factors. The correction factors have two main groupings: first, factors involving aromatic ring substituent positions and second, miscellaneous factors. In general, the correction factors are values for various steric interactions, hydrogen-bondings, and effects from polar functional substructures. Individual correction factors were selected through a tedious process of correlating the differences (between log P estimates from atom/fragments alone and measured log P values) with common substructures.
d. Defined domain of applicability: For each fragment the maximum number of instances of that fragment in any of the 2447 training set compounds and 10946 validation set compounds is located in Appendix D of the help menu of the EPISuite data entry page. The minimum and the maximum values for molecular weight are the following:
Training Set Molecluar Weights: 18.02-719.92 g/mol
Validation Set Molecular Weights: 27.03-991.15 g/mol
e. Statistical characteristics: Correlation coefficient of the total training set r² = 0.982; Correlation coefficient of the total validation set r² = 0.943.
KOWWIN has been tested on an external validation dataset of 10,946 compounds. The validation set includes a diverse selection of chemical structures that rigorously test the predictive accuracy of any model. It contains many chemicals that are similar in structure to chemicals in the training set, but also many chemicals that are different from and structurally more complex than chemicals in the training set. The average molecular weight of compounds in the validation set is 258.98 versus 199.98 for the training set.
(Training dataset includes a total of 2447 compounds)
(Validation dataset includes a total of 10946 compounds)
f. Mechanistic interpretation: The structural fragments used as descriptors reflect the lipophilic or hydrophobic properties of the substances, and so the octanol-water partition coefficient.
5. APPLICABILITY DOMAIN
a. Descriptor domains:
i. Molecular weights: With a molecular weight of 212.25 g/mol the substance is within the range of the training set (18.02 - 719.92 g/mol) as well as in the range of the validation set (27.03 - 991.15 g/mol).
ii. Structural fragment domain: Regarding the structure of benzyl benzoate, the fragment descriptors found by the program are complete and listed in Appendix D (KOWWIN Fragment and Correction Factor descriptors). Additionally the substance is not listed in Appendix F (Compounds that exceed the Fragment & Molecular Weight Domains).
iii. Mechanism domain: NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE
iv. Metabolic domain, if relevant: NOT RELEVANT
b. Structural analogues: NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE
i. Considerations on structural analogues: NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE
6. ADEQUACY OF THE RESULT
a. Regulatory purpose: The data may be used under any regulatory purpose.
b. Approach for regulatory interpretation of the model result: If no experimental data are available, the estimated value is used to fill data gaps needed for hazard and risk assessment, classification and labelling and PBT / vPvB assessment. Further the value can be used for other calculations.
c. Outcome: The prediction of the logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient yields a useful result for further evaluation.
d. Conclusion: The result is considered as useful for regulatory purposes. - Guideline:
- other: REACH guidance QSARs R6, May/July 2008
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Estimation Program Interface EPI-Suite version 4.11: KOWWIN for estimating the logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow).
The Estimation Programs Interface was developed by the US Environmental Agency's Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC).© 2000 - 2015 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for EPI SuiteTM (Published online in November 2015). - GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: QSAR
- Partition coefficient type:
- octanol-water
- Type:
- log Pow
- Partition coefficient:
- 3.536
- Remarks on result:
- other: Temp. and pH are not reported
- Conclusions:
- The QSAR determination of the logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient for benzyl benzoate using the model KOWWIN included in the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v4.11 revealed a value of 3.54 of the substance. The predicted value can be considered reliable yielding a useful result for further assessment.
- Executive summary:
The logarithmic octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) for benzyl benzoate was predicted using the QSAR calculation of the Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite v 4.11. The log Kow was estimated to be 3.54. The predicted value can be considered reliable yielding a useful result for further assessment.
Referenceopen allclose all
Validity of model:
1. Defined Endpoint: Octanol-water partition coefficient
2. Unambiguous algorithm: The molecule is separated into distinct atom/fragments using an Atom/Fragment Contribution method. Based on structure of the molecule, the following fragments were applied: aromatic carbon, aliphatic carbon, ester-aromatic attach and a equation constant. The number of times of the fragments that occur in the structure of the substance applied by the program is verified.
3. Applicability domain: With a molecular weight of 212.25 g/mol the substance is within the range of the training set (18.02 - 719.92) as well as in the range of the validation set (27.03 - 991.15).
4. Statistical characteristics: Correlation coefficient of the total training set r² = 0.982; Correlation coefficient of the total validation set r² = 0.943.
5. Mechanistic interpretation: The structural fragments used as descriptors reflect the lipophilic or hydrophobic properties of the substances, and so the octanol-water partition coefficient.
6. Adequacy of prediction: The result for benzyl benzoate falls within the applicability domain described above and the estimation rules applied for the substance appears appropriate. Therefore the predicted value can be considered reliable yielding a useful result for further assessment.
Description of key information
Benzyl benzoate is cited in OECD 117 partition coefficient method as a reference substance value = Log Pow of 4. As such the value is considered reliable and robust.
Other studies, like Hansch and Leo (1995) have determined a value of log Pow = 3.97. Appreciation has also been given to Handbook data (Lide, 2007) and QSAR prediction (Currenta, 2021). Values for log Kow range 3.56 - 4.00.
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Log Kow (Log Pow):
- 4
- at the temperature of:
- 20 °C
Additional information
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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