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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 233-135-0 | CAS number: 10043-01-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
As the third most abundant element, constituting approximately 8% of the earth's crust, aluminium is ubiquitous in soils, water and air. In addition to its natural occurrence, and as a result ofits inherent chemical and physical properties, aluminium finds usein a wide varietyof applications including packaging materials,various containers and kitchen utensils, automobile bodies and components, airplanes and building materials. Aluminium compounds are also used in, for example, paint pigment, insulating materials,water treatment, drugs, cosmetics as well as food additives.
The general population is exposed to aluminium from air, water and food. Aluminium levels in unpolluted air are generally below100 ng/m3 and resultant intakes would be less than 2 μg/day(0.002 mg/day). However, in industrial areas where aluminium levels as high as 6200 ng/m3 have been reported, intakes could reach124 μg/day (0.124 mg/day) (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food,1985; Havas & Jaworski, 1986; Bowen, 1979).
Aluminium concentrations in fresh (untreated) water are generally low i.e. less than 0.001 to 1 mg/l, although values ashigh as 26 mg/l have been found in certain regions. In manyinstances, elevated levels have been associated with pH values lessthan 5.5 or water rich in organics. Although the use of aluminiumbased coagulants in processing drinking water supplies can increasealuminium levels above natural background content, most potablewaters surveyed recently in Europe were generally below the EECstandard of 0.2 mg/l aluminium. The intake of aluminium fromdrinking 1.5 to 2.0 l water daily containing an estimated meanlevel of 0.1 mg/l ranges from 0.15 to 0.20 mg/day. While suchintakes would be representative of most individuals, it is apparentfrom the levels noted above, that aluminium intakes from watercould reach as high as 5 mg/day for certain persons (Ministry ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1985; Havas & Jaworski, 1986).
Aluminium in food can derive from that which is presentnaturally, that which results from aluminium-containing foodadditives, and that arising from contact with Al used in foodcontainers, cookware, utensils and wrappings. Based on results frommore recent surveys of foods, tea, some spices and herbs (e.g.thyme, cayenne powder), contain naturally high aluminiumconcentrations. Other products, such as processed cheese, grainproducts and baking powder may be high in aluminium if they containaluminium-based food additives. Although aluminium-containingcookware, utensils and wrappings can increase amounts of thissubstance in foods, particularly if the foods are acidic, basic orsalty, studies to date have shown that aluminium contamination fromthis avenue is generally too small to be of practical importance.
Nevertheless, such studies have highlighted that adverse impact ofaluminium on the vitamin C content of foods cooked in aluminiumsaucepans (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1985; Havas& Jaworski, 1986; Sorenson et al., 1974).
Daily dietary aluminium intakes have more recently beenestimated to range from about 2 to 6 mg/day for children and fromabout 6 to 14 mg/day for teenagers and adults. The majorcontributors to these dietary aluminium intakes are grains andgrain products, dairy products (i.e. milk, cheese and yoghurt),desserts and beverages. Consumption of other foods containingelevated aluminium levels (e.g. spices and herbs, pickledcucumbers) can also dramatically increase dietary aluminium intakes(Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, 1985; Havas &Jaworski, 1986; Sorenson et al., 1974).
Finally it is important to recognize that use of certainaluminium-containing non prescription drugs (e.g. Antacids) canincrease daily aluminium intakes by a factor of 10 to 100 (Havas &Jaworski, 1986).
In summary, the intake of aluminium from air, even inindustrial areas, is minor relative to that from food. Although water does not contribute significantly to the total aluminium intake from all sources for most individuals, elevated aluminium levels have been found in certain areas and resultant aluminiumintakes can be as high as the dietary contribution. Aluminium intake from foods, particularly those containing aluminium compounds used as food additives, represents the major route of aluminium exposure by the general public excluding persons who regularly ingest aluminium-containing drug.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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