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EC number: 262-104-4 | CAS number: 60207-90-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Toxicity to terrestrial plants
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term (with study design considered suitable for long-term assessment)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 07 May 1990 to 06 Jul 1990
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 123-1 (Seedling Emergence Tier II)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- On May 8, 1990, the test substance was applied, in a geometric progression of three, to all plant species at the rates of 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5, and 1.5 lb ai/A. The ten crops were planted on May 7, 1990. Because of poor or erratic seed emergence of carrot, cabbage, and onion, these crops were replanted and treated on June 12, 1990. Treatment application rates were calculated on the percent active ingredient of the technical material which was 92.0% ai. Each plot was sprayed at the equivalent of 50 gpa of water. The test spray concentration of 3.5952 gm ai/L (3595.2 ppm) was prepared by adding 586.2 mg of test substance in 142.5 mL of deionized water plus 7.5 mL of acetone. At the highest concentration, an oily residue was found on the flask and required vigorous agitation to prevent residue from forming on the glass.
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Soybean
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Carrot
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cucumber
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cabbage
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Perennial ryegrass
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Corn
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Test type:
- seedling emergence toxicity test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Test temperature:
- 24 - 26 °C
- pH:
- Not reported
- Moisture:
- Not reported
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Test containers: The seedling emergence study was conducted with seeds planted in plastic Corn-Pack (M1725, Black, 7.5 x 7.5 x 6.0 cm). Each pot was completely filled with soil.
- Method of seeding: Seeds selected for each crop were uniform in size and were assigned impartially to the test and control groups. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing for uniform planting depth and distribution of the ten seeds planted per pot. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn were planted at a depth of 2.5 cm while the remaining six species were planted at a depth of 1.3 cm. Each treatment/crop combination was replicated three times.
- No. of seeds per container: 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 3
- Water used in the test system: The water used as the compound solvent and for subsequent irrigation was from a well located at the test facility. The pH of the irrigation water was 7.4.
- Soil used in the test system: The seedling emergence study was conducted with steam-sterilized Hanford sandy loam soil.
- Soil preparation: Hanford sandy loam soil, obtained from the test facility, was sterilized for 48 hours in a soil sterilizer. Perlite was added to the sterilized soil to facilitate drainage. Soil used in this study was from batch 8, 9, 10, prepared according to standard SOPs.
TREATMENT APPLICATION
All applications of the test substance were performed indoors with a belt sprayer which is enclosed in a fume hood and is equipped with a single nozzle. A nozzle height of 12 inches was used to achieve a spray swath of 20 inches. The liquid was collected from the nozzle into a graduated cylinder and the nozzle pressure and belt speed were adjusted to obtain approximately 23.3 mL per plot. A nozzle pressure of 50 psi was used. Spraying with the test substance commenced immediately after compound dissolution, therefore, the test material was assumed to be stable under the conditions of administration.
After treatment, the pots were randomized within crops and among treatments, and placed in a greenhouse at the test facility. The pots were then watered to accelerate movement of the test substance into the seed zone. The greenhouse (42 x 30 x 12 ft) is positioned in a north to south direction. It is equipped with 1000 W lighting using General Electric R1000 Multi-Vapor to supplement light during periods of low sunlight intensity. It is also equipped with a cooling system, Groton Climate and Environmental Control.
IRRIGATION SCHEDULE
Pots were watered using nozzles placed 4.0 ft apart. The irrigation duration and intervals were five, nine, six, and ten minutes of irrigation at 9:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., and 4:00 p.m. Duration of irrigation increased as
plants matured. The irrigation cycle was controlled. Calculations determined that a total of approximately 33 mL of water were used to irrigate each pot per day at 5 minutes, 46 mL at 9 minutes, 22 mL at 6 minutes, and 50 mL at 10 minutes.
LIGHT QUANTITY AND DURATION
The photoperiod was recorded as the time from sunrise to sunset. Periods of light and duration were recorded. Light quantity was determined in footcandles using a photometer. Measurements were taken at canopy height at approximately 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m. on weekdays. The mean light intensities at 10:00 a.m. were 2484 and 2376 footcandles, respectively, and at 2:00 p.m. were 2805 and 2944, respectively
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
Seedling emergence was recorded at 10 and 14 days after treatment. Seedling survival and height were recorded at 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity ratings were recorded at 10, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Twenty-one days after treatment, the plants within treatment replicates were cut at soil level and dried in preweighed aluminum foil sheets. Plant material was dried at approximately 70°C for a minimum of 48 hours. The dry weight of the plant material was then recorded. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- - Nominal concentrations: 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5, and 1.5 lb ai/A
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Key result
- Species:
- other: Brassica oleracea var., capitata, Avena sativa and Zea mays
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- NOEC
- Effect conc.:
- 0.056 lbs/acre
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height (cabbage and oat) and dry weight (cabbage and corn)
- Remarks on result:
- other: as reported in the original report
- Remarks:
- effect value equivalent to 0.063 kg/ha or 0.084 mg a.i./kg soil dw
- Key result
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.63 kg/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant dry weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 0.84 mg a.i./kg
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.69 kg/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- Plant height
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 0.92 mg a.i./kg
- Details on results:
- An overivew of all the results and the derived NOECs, EC25 and EC50 values are presented in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'.
EMERGENCE AND SURVIVAL
Through day 14, percent emergence for all rates for lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion did not differ significantly from the control. The no-effect concentration for percent emergence for the eight crops at the 14-day observation period was the maximum concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration for soybean and cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent emergence no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (91.5) < soybean = cabbage (0.5).
Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a true dose response for seedling emergence, a probit analysis was not conducted, therefore, EC values could not be determined for soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 4.520 lb ai/A.
At the 21-day observation period, soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed no significant difference in the survival rate between the control and any rate of the test substance. Cabbage showed a reduction of 49% in percent survival at the highest concentration rate resulting in a significant difference between that rate and all others including the control, therefore, a no-effect concentration for cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A.
Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent survival no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn =onion (1.5) < cabbage (0.5).
Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a true dose response for seedling survival, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 2.536 lb ai/A.
PHYTOTOXICITY
At the 21-day observation period, carrot, oat, and corn showed no significant difference between the control and any of the five concentrations tested and a resultant no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. Soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, and onion all showed a significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A, therefore, resulting in a no-effect concentration of 0.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not statistically significant (p < 0.05) from the control at the 21-day observation period was 0.167 lb ai/A for cabbage and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Carrot = oat = corn (1.5) < soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = onion (0.5) < cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
PLANT HEIGHT
The statistical analysis of the plant height data of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. The no-effect concentration, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, ryegrass, corn, and onion was 0.167 lb ai/A, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and oat at the 21-day observation period. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = cucumber (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = corn = onion (0.167) < cabbage = oat (0.056). Lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC values were determined. Soybean did not demonstrate a true dose response, therefore, the EC values were not determined. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity (lb ai/A) is: Oat (58.760) < carrot (41.268) < corn (8.210) < lettuce (4.267) < tomato (3.921) < cucumber (1.564) < ryegrass (0.969) < cabbage (0.684) < onion (0.615).
PLANT DRY WEIGHT
Plant dry weight of all crops was evaluated at 21 days after treatment. Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber resulting in a no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration as defined by this study for soybean and oat was 0.5 lb ai/A. Tomato showed a 29% detrimental effect at the 0.5 lb ai/A concentration but was not statistically different from the control, however, it was considered biologically significant. The highest treatment rate (no effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.167 lb ai/A for tomato, ryegrass and onion, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and corn. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = cucumber (1.5) < soybean = oat (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = onion (0.167) < cabbage = corn (0.056). Due to a lack of significant rate effect or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC values determined on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. Soybean, tomato, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for these crops. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance is: Oat (30.836) < corn (2.694) < tomato (2.071) < soybean (2.025) < ryegrass (1.253) < onion (1.226) < cabbage (0.562). - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No positive control was used.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - Mean and Percent Effect Calculation: All of the data were entered into a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. The spreadsheet calculated replicate means, treatment means, standard deviations, and analysis of variance tables. Treatment means were used to calculate the percent effect resulting from the treatment.
- Analysis of Variance: An analysis of variance table was constructed using the Lotus 1-2-3 raw data spreadsheet. A one-way analysis of variance model for data with equal subsamples, as outlined in Steel and Torrie, was used to analyze the data (percent germination and radicle length). Treatment mean separation was achieved by using Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. Means were separated by using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
- Probit Analysis: The percent effect values were input into a SAS probit analysis program. The program ignores positive values and transforms the dose by natural logarithms. For seed germination, the probit is calculated using all data points; for all other parameters, the probit is calculated using replicate means - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Plant dry weight and height were the most sensitive parameters with EC50 values of 0.562 (=0.63 kg/ha or 0.84 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (cabbage) and 0.615 lb/A (=0.69 kg/ha or 0.92 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (onion), respectively. The lowest NOEC value was determined to be 0.056 lb/A (= 0.063 kg/ha or 0.084 mg a.i./kg soil dw) for cabbage, oat and corn, based on plant growth.
- Executive summary:
Tier 2 nontarget seedling emergence studies were conducted to determine the effect of the test substance on the seedling emergence of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion. The study was conducted in accordance with EPA 123 -1 and in compliance with GLP. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing for uniform planting depth and distribution of the seeds planted per pot. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn were planted at a depth of 2.5 cm while lettuce, carrot, tomato, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion were planted at a depth of 1.3 cm. The test substance was applied to the soil surface at the rates of 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5, and 1.5 lb ai/A.
Survival/emergence
Through day 14, percent emergence for all rates for lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion did not differ significantly from the control. The no-effect concentration for percent emergence for the eight crops at the 14-day observation period was the maximum concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration for soybean and cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent emergence no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (1.5) < soybean = cabbage (0.5). Due to a lack of significant rate effects and a lack of a true dose response for seedling emergence, a probit analysis was not conducted, therefore, EC25 and EC50 values could not be determined for soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 4.520 lb ai/A. At the 21-day observation period, soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed no significant difference in the survival rate between the control and any rate of the test substance. Cabbage showed a reduction of 49% in percent survival at the highest concentration rate resulting in a significant difference between that rate and all others including the control, therefore, a no-effect concentration for cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent survival no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (1.5) < cabbage (0.5). Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a time dose response for seedling survival, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 or EC50 values determined on soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 2.536 lb ai/A.
Phytotoxicity
At the 21-day observation period, carrot, oat, and corn showed no significant difference between the control and any of the five concentrations tested and a resultant no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. Soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, and onion all showed a significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A, therefore, resulting in a no-effect concentration of 0.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not statistically significant (p < 0.05) from the control at the 21-day observation period was 0.167 lb ai/A for cabbage and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Carrot = oat = corn (1.5) < soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = onion (0.5) < cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
Plant height
The statistical analysis of the plant height data of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. The no-effect concentration, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, ryegrass, corn, and onion was 0.167 lb ai/A, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and oat at the 21-day observation period. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = cucumber (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = corn (0.167) < cabbage = oat (0.056). Lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. Soybean did not demonstrate a true dose response, therefore, the EC25 and EC50 values were not determined. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity (lb ai/A) is: Oat (58.760) < carrot (41.268) < corn (8.210) < lettuce (4.267) < tomato (3.921) < cucumber (1.564) < ryegrass (0.969) < cabbage (0.684) < onion (0.615).
Plant dry weight
Plant dry weight of all crops was evaluated at 21 days after treatment. Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber resulting in a no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration as defined by this study for soybean and oat was 0.5 lb ai/A. Tomato showed a 29% detrimental effect at the 0.5 lb ai/A concentration but was not statistically different from the control, however, it was considered biologically significant. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.167 lb ai/A for tomato, ryegrass and onion, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and corn. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = cucumber (1.5) < soybean = oat (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = onion (0.167) < cabbage = corn (0.056). Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. Soybean, tomato, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for these crops. The EC25 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance is: Oat (30.836) < corn (2.694) < tomato (2.071) < soybean (2.025) < ryegrass (1.253) < onion (1.226) < cabbage (0.562).
Based on these findings, it was concluded that emergence, survival and condition of plants were not affected in any species at rates ≤0.56 kg ai/ha. Plant dry weight and height were the most sensitive parameters with EC50 values of 0. 562 (=0.63 kg/ha or 0.84 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (cabbage) and 0.615 lb/A (=0.69 kg/ha or 0.92 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (onion), respectively. The lowest NOEC value was determined to be 0.056 lb/A (= 0.063 kg/ha or 0.084 mg a.i./kg soil dw) for cabbage, oat and corn, based on plant growth.
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to terrestrial plants: short-term
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 08 May 1990 to 18 Jun 1990
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EPA OPP 123-1 (Vegetative Vigor Tier II)
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- no
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Acetone
- Details on preparation and application of test substrate:
- On May 24, 1990, the test substance was applied to all plant species at the rates of 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5. and 1.5 lb ai/A. Treatment application rates were calculated on the percent active ingredient of the technical material which was 92.0% ai. Plants were sprayed at the equivalent of 50 gpa of water. The test spray concentration of 3.5952 gm ai/L (3595.2 ppm) was prepared by adding 586.2 mg of test substance in 136.5 L of deionized water plus 13.5 mL of acetone. An additional 4% (6 mL) of acetone was added to compound prior to addition of water to prevent oily residue noted in earlier work with this compound.
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Soybean
- Species:
- Lactuca sativa
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Lettuce
- Species:
- Daucus carota
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Carrot
- Species:
- Lycopersicon esculentum
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Tomato
- Species:
- Cucumis sativus
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cucumber
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Plant group:
- Dicotyledonae (dicots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Cabbage
- Species:
- Avena sativa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Oat
- Species:
- Lolium perenne
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Perennial ryegrass
- Species:
- Zea mays
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Corn
- Species:
- Allium cepa
- Plant group:
- Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Details on test organisms:
- - Common name: Onion
- Test type:
- vegetative vigour test
- Study type:
- laboratory study
- Substrate type:
- artificial soil
- Limit test:
- no
- Total exposure duration:
- 21 d
- Test temperature:
- 24 - 26 °C
- pH:
- Not reported
- Moisture:
- Not reported
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- Seed planting: Seeds selected for each crop were uniform in size and were assigned impartially to the test and control groups. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing for uniform planting depth and seed distribution of the ten seeds planted per pot. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn were planted at a depth of 2.5 cm while the remaining six species were planted at a depth of 2.3 cm. Each treatment/crop combination was replicated three times.
- Plant selection: After planting, the pots were placed in a greenhouse and watered adequately for seedling emergence and growth. Seedlings were allowed to grow to the appropriate stage of growth (1-3 true leaves). Prior to treatment, each pot was thinned to five plants of uniform height and stage of growth.
- No. of seeds per container: 10
- No. of replicates per treatment group: 3
- No. of replicates per vehicle control: 3
- Soil preparation: Hanford sandy loam soil, obtained from the test facility, was sterilized for 48 hours in a sterilizer. Perlite was added to the sterilized soil to facilitate drainage.
- Water: The water used as the compound solvent and for subsequent irrigation was from a well located at the test facility. The pH of the irrigation water was 7.4.
TREATMENT APPLICATION
All applications of the test substance were performed indoors with a belt sprayer which is enclosed in a fume hood and is equipped with a single nozzle. A nozzle height of 12 inches was used to achieve a spray swath of 20 inches. The liquid was collected from the nozzle into a graduated cylinder and the nozzle pressure and belt speed were adjusted to obtain approximately 23 mL per plot. A nozzle pressure of 50 psi was used. Spraying with the test substance commenced immediately after compound dissolution, therefore, the test material was assumed to be stable under the conditions of administration. After treatment, the pots were placed in a greenhouse at he test facility. The greenhouse (42 x 30 x 12 ft) is positioned in a north to south direction. It is equipped with Spero Lighting 1000 W using General Electric R100 Multivapor to supplement light during periods of low sunlight intensity. It is also equipped with a cooling system, Groton Climate and Environmental Control. On May 25, 1990, the pots were randomized within crops and among treatments. Study plants were hand-watered for 48 hours to avoid chemical washoff.
EFFECT PARAMETERS MEASURED
Plant height was recorded prior to treatment and 21 days after treatment. Phytotoxicity ratings were recorded 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment in accordance with SOPs. Twenty-one days after treatment,
the plants within treatment replicates were cut at soil level and placed in preweighed aluminum foil sheets. Plant material was dried at approximately 70°C for a minimum of 48 hours. The dry weight of the plant material was then recorded. - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- - Nominal concentrations: 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5, and 1.5 lb ai/A
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
- Species:
- Brassica oleracea var. capitata
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.85 kg/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- dry weight
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 1.13 mg a.i./kg
- Species:
- Glycine max (G. soja)
- Duration:
- 21 d
- Dose descriptor:
- EC50
- Effect conc.:
- 0.87 kg/ha
- Nominal / measured:
- nominal
- Conc. based on:
- act. ingr.
- Basis for effect:
- growth
- Remarks:
- plant height
- Remarks on result:
- other: Equivalent to 1.16 mg a.i./kg
- Details on results:
- An overivew of all the results and the derived NOECs, EC25 and EC50 values are presented in 'Any other information on results incl. tables'.
PHYTOTOXICITY
At the 21-day observation period, lettuce, tomato, oat, and corn showed no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and any of the rates tested, resulting in a no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. Carrot showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and the 0.5 lb ai/A rate due to minor phytotoxicity on one plant in each replicate in that treatment group. However, there was no significance between the control and the maximum concentration for carrot at the 21-day observation period, resulting in a no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. At the 7- and 14-day observation periods, lettuce and tomato showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and 0.5 lb ai/A concentration, however, both crops outgrew the effects by the 21-day observation period. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not significant (p < 0.05) from the control at the 21-day observation period, was 0.5 lb ai/A for onion, and 0.167 lb ai/A for soybean, cucumber, cabbage, and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21- day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = corn (1.5) < onion (0.5) < soybean = cucumber = cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
PLANT HEIGHT
Treatment of lettuce and carrot with the test substance did not result in a significant difference (p < 0.05) in plant height at the 21-day observation period between the control and any of the rates tested. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for oat. The no-effect concentration, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and corn was 0.167 lb ai/A, 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean and onion, and 0.0185 lb ai/A for ryegrass at the 21-day observation period. With the exception of lettuce, carrot, oat, and corn, the test substance exceeded 25% reduction on plant growth at the two highest concentrations (0.5 lb ai/A and 1.5 lb ai/A) on soybean, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot (1.5) < oat (0.5) < tomato = cucumber = cabbage = corn (0.167) < soybean = onion (0.056) < ryegrass (0.0185). Due to a lack of significant rate effects in plant height or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC50 and EQ25, values determined on lettuce, carrot, tomato, and oat. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, corn, and onion demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EQ50 values were determined. The EQ50, value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is: Corn (6.604) < cucumber (5.547) < ryegrass (2.568) < cabbage (2.441) < onion (1.394) < soybean (0.755).
PLANT DRY WEIGHT
Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Tomato produced some vigorous plants in the 0.167 lb ai/A treatment rate resulting in significance between that rate and all others including the control. The no-effect concentration, as defined by this study for plant dry weight for tomato, was 1.5 lb ai/A. An increase in plant dry weight of carrot from 16% to 39% resulted in significance between the control and 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, and 1.5 lb ai/A treatment rates. This response was due to vigorous plants produced in those rates. Treatment of carrot with the test substance did not result in any detrimental effects in plant dry weight and a no-effect concentration was determined to be 1.5 lb ai/A. At 0.5 and 1.5 lb ai/A, cucumber showed a 32% and a 28% reduction in plant dry weight, respectively, but this was not statistically significant due to variability in plant dry weight in the lower rates. Cabbage showed a reduction in plant dry weight from 5% at 0.056 lb ai/A to 60% at 1.5 lb ai/A, but due to variability was not statistically significant. The non significance in cucumber can be attributed to an increase in plant height at the 0.0185 and 0.167 lb ai/A rates were as the non-significance in cabbage can be attributed to an increase in the plant height of replicate 2 of the 0.056 lb ai/A rate. Although not statistically significant, a no-effect concentration was determined to be 0.167 lb ai/A for cucumber, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage based on biological significance. The highest treatment rate no-effect concentrate on was 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) (Table 7) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (1.5) < cucumber (0.167) < soybean = cabbage (0.056).
Due to the lack of significant differences in plant dry weight or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce, carrot, tomato, oat, ryegrass and corn. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage and onion demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. The EC50 value for each crop in increasing sensitivity is: Cucumber (4.984) < onion (3.850) < soybean (2.039) < cabbage (0.773). - Results with reference substance (positive control):
- No positive control was used.
- Reported statistics and error estimates:
- - Mean and Percent Effect Calculation: All of the data were entered into a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. The spreadsheet calculated replicate means, treatment means, standard deviations, and analysis of variance tables. Treatment means were used to calculate the percent effect resulting from the treatment.
- Analysis of Variance: An analysis of variance table was constructed using the Lotus 1-2-3 raw data spreadsheet. A one-way analysis of variance model for data with equal subsamples, as outlined in Steel and Torrie, was used to analyze the data (percent germination and radicle length). Treatment mean separation was achieved by using Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. Means were separated by using Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
- Probit Analysis: The percent effect values were input into a SAS probit analysis program. The program ignores positive values and transforms the dose by natural logarithms. For seed germination, the probit is calculated using all data points; for all other parameters, the probit is calculated using replicate means - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- It can be concluded that survival and condition of plants were not affected in any species following post-emergence foliar application at rates ≤0.167lb/A (≤ 0.19 kg ai/ha). Cabbage (plant dry weight) and soy bean (plant height) were the most sensitive species with EC50 values of 0.755 and 0.773 lb/A (equivalent to 0.85 and 0.87 kg ai/ha or 1.13 and 1.16 mg ai/kg), respectively.
- Executive summary:
Tier 2 nontarget phytotoxicity studies were conducted to determine the effect of the test substance on the vegetative vigor of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion. The study was conducted in accordance with EPA 123 -1 and in compliance with GLP. Seedlings were allowed to grow to 1-3 true-leaf stage prior to treatment, and each pot was thinned to five plants of uniform height. A single treatment of the test substance was applied with a track sprayer equipped with an overhead flat-fan nozzle at the equivalent of 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of water. The test substance was applied at the rates of 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5 and 1.5 lb/A.
Phytotoxicity
At the 21-day observation period, lettuce, tomato, oat, and corn showed no significant difference (p<0.05) between the control and any of the rates tested, resulting in a NOEC of 1.5 lb/A. Carrot showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and the 0.5 lb/A rate due to minor phytotoxicity on one plant in each replicate in that treatment group. However, there was no significance between the control and the maximum concentration for carrot at the 21-day observation period, resulting in a NOEC of 1.5 lb/A. At the 7- and 14-day observation periods, lettuce and tomato showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and 0.5 lb/A concentration, however, both crops outgrew the effect by the 21-day observation period. The highest treatment rate (NOEC) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not significant from the control at the 21-day observation period, was 0.5 lb/A for onion and 0.167 lb/A for soybean, cucumber, cabbage and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity NOEC (lb/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = corn (1.5) < onion (0.5) < soybean = cucumber = cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
Plant height
Treatment of lettuce and carrot with the test substance did not result in a significant difference (p < 0.05) in plant height at the 21-day observation period between the control and any of the rates tested.
The highest treatment rate (NOEC) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for oat. The NOEC, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and corn was 0.167 lb ai/A, 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean and onion, and 0.0185 lb ai/A for ryegrass at the 21-day observation period. With the exception of lettuce, carrot, oat, and corn, the test substance exceeded 25% reduction on plant growth at the two highest concentrations (0.5 lb ai/A and 1.5 lb ai/A) on soybean, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height NOECs (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot (1.5) < oat (0.5) < tomato = cucumber = cabbage = corn (0.167) < soybean = onion (0.056) < ryegrass (0.0185). Due to a lack of significant rate effects in plant height or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce and carrot, tomato, and oat. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, corn, and onion demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is: Corn (6.604) < cucumber (5.547) < ryegrass (2.568) < cabbage (2.441) < onion (1.394) < soybean (0.755).
Plant dry weight
Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Tomato produced some vigorous plants in the 0.167 lb ai/A treatment rate resulting in significance between that rate and all others including the control. The NOEC, as defined by this study for plant dry weight for tomato, was 1.5 lb ai/A. An increase in plant dry weight of carrot from 16% to 39% resulted in significance between the control and 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167 and 1.5 lb ai/A treatment rates. This response was due to vigorous plants produced in those rates. Treatment of carrot with the test substance did not result in any detrimental effects in plant dry weight and a NOEC was determined to be 1.5 lb ai/A. At 0.5 and 1.5 lb ai/A, cucumber showed a 32% and a 28% reduction in plant dry weight, respectively, but this was not statistically significant due to variability in plant dry weight in the lower rates. Cabbage showed a reduction in plant dry weight from 5% at 0.056 lb ai/A to 60% at 1.5 lb ai/A, but due to variability was not statistically significant. The non-significance in cucumber can be attributed to an increase in plant height at the 0.0185 and 0.167 lb ai/A rates were as the non-significance in cabbage can be attributed to an increase in the plant height of replicate 2 of the 0.056 lb ai/A rate. Although not statistically significant, a NOEC was determined to be 0.167 lb ai/A for cucumber, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage based on biological significance. The highest treatment rate NOEC was 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight NOEC (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = ryegrass = com = onion (1.5) < cucumber (0.167) < soybean = cabbage (0.056). Due to the lack of significant differences in pant dry weight or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce, carrot, tomato, oat, ryegrass and corn. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage and onion demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. The EC50 value (lb/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is: Cucumber (4.984) < onion (3.850) < soybean (2.039) < cabbage (0.773).
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that survival and condition of plants were not affected in any species following post-emergence foliar application at rates ≤0.167 lb/A (≤ 0.19 kg ai/ha). Cabbage (plant dry weight) and soy bean (plant height) were the most sensitive species with EC50 values of 0.755 and 0.773 lb/A (0.85 and 0.87 kg ai/ha), respectively.
Referenceopen allclose all
Table 1: Percentage of seedling emergence at 10 and 14 days, and percent survival at 21 days after treatment of the soil surface with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Days after treatment |
|||||
10 |
14 |
21 |
|||||
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
Percent Emergence |
Percent Effect |
||
Soybean |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
0.0185 |
93 |
-7 |
93 |
-7 |
97 |
-3 |
|
0.056 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
|
0.5 |
93 |
-7 |
93 |
-7 |
93 |
-7 |
|
1.5 |
70 |
-30 |
83 |
-17 |
93 |
-7 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
97 |
|
97 |
|
97 |
|
0.0185 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
|
0.056 |
97 |
0 |
97 |
0 |
97 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
97 |
0 |
97 |
0 |
97 |
0 |
|
0.5 |
97 |
0 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
|
1.5 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
83 |
|
83 |
|
83 |
|
0.0185 |
83 |
0 |
83 |
0 |
83 |
0 |
|
0.056 |
83 |
0 |
87 |
5 |
87 |
5 |
|
0.167 |
77 |
-7 |
83 |
0 |
83 |
0 |
|
0.5 |
60 |
-28 |
77 |
-7 |
80 |
-4 |
|
1.5 |
60 |
-16 |
77 |
-7 |
77 |
-7 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
93 |
|
93 |
|
93 |
|
0.0185 |
93 |
0 |
93 |
0 |
93 |
0 |
|
0.056 |
93 |
0 |
93 |
0 |
93 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
97 |
4 |
97 |
4 |
97 |
4 |
|
0.5 |
90 |
-3 |
93 |
0 |
97 |
4 |
|
1.5 |
77 |
-17 |
73 |
-22 |
77 |
-17 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
0.0185 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
|
0.056 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.5 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.5 |
83 |
-17 |
87 |
-13 |
90 |
-10 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
93 |
|
93 |
|
93 |
|
0.0185 |
90 |
-3 |
90 |
-3 |
90 |
-3 |
|
0.056 |
83 |
-11 |
83 |
-11 |
87 |
-6 |
|
0.167 |
77 |
-17 |
77 |
-17 |
77 |
-17 |
|
0.5 |
77 |
-17 |
77 |
-17 |
77 |
-17 |
|
1.5 |
47 |
-49 |
53 |
-43 |
47 |
-49 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
90 |
|
90 |
|
90 |
|
0.0185 |
97 |
8 |
97 |
8 |
97 |
8 |
|
0.056 |
90 |
0 |
90 |
0 |
90 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
100 |
11 |
100 |
11 |
100 |
11 |
|
0.5 |
80 |
-11 |
80 |
-11 |
80 |
-11 |
|
1.5 |
97 |
9 |
97 |
8 |
97 |
8 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
0.0185 |
90 |
-10 |
90 |
-10 |
90 |
-10 |
|
0.056 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
|
0.167 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
|
0.5 |
80 |
-20 |
83 |
-17 |
90 |
-10 |
|
1.5 |
93 |
-7 |
93 |
-7 |
93 |
-7 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
100 |
|
100 |
|
100 |
|
0.0185 |
97 |
-3 |
97 |
-3 |
93 |
-7 |
|
0.056 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
0.5 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
1.5 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
100 |
0 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
77 |
|
73 |
|
77 |
|
0.0185 |
80 |
4 |
80 |
10 |
80 |
4 |
|
0.056 |
80 |
4 |
80 |
10 |
80 |
4 |
|
0.167 |
90 |
17 |
90 |
23 |
90 |
17 |
|
0.5 |
7 |
0 |
83 |
14 |
83 |
8 |
|
1.5 |
53 |
-31 |
70 |
-4 |
67 |
-13 |
Table 2: Mean phytotoxicity rating at 10, 14, and 21 days after treatment of the soil surface with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Days after treatment |
||
10 |
14 |
21 |
||
Soybean |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
0.5 |
02 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.9 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
2.6 |
2.2 |
0.4 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
|
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.2 |
|
1.5 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.7 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
|
0.167 |
0.6 |
0.3 |
0.1 |
|
0.5 |
1.9 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
|
1.5 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.3 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.4 |
1.8 |
0.8 |
|
1.5 |
1.9 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
0.167 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
|
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
1.5 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.3 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
0.056 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.2 |
|
0.5 |
0.4 |
1.0 |
0.6 |
|
1.5 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
Phytotoxicity ratings were based on a 0-4 scale with 0 = no effect, 1 = slight effect limited to one leaf, 2 = moderate effect on whole plant, 3 = severe effect on whole plant, and 4 = total effect or plant death.
Table 3: Height of seedlings emerging after 21 days treatment of the soil surface with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Plant height after 21 days (mm) |
Percent Effect |
Soybean |
0.0 |
349 |
|
0.0185 |
336 |
-4 |
|
0.056 |
340 |
-3 |
|
0.167 |
327 |
-6 |
|
0.5 |
313 |
-10 |
|
1.5 |
88 |
-75 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
86 |
|
0.0185 |
85 |
-1 |
|
0.056 |
88 |
2 |
|
0.167 |
90 |
5 |
|
0.5 |
81 |
-6 |
|
1.5 |
52 |
-40 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
66 |
|
0.0185 |
67 |
2 |
|
0.056 |
68 |
3 |
|
0.167 |
69 |
5 |
|
0.5 |
58 |
-12 |
|
1.5 |
57 |
-14 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
119 |
|
0.0185 |
104 |
-13 |
|
0.056 |
114 |
-4 |
|
0.167 |
104 |
-13 |
|
0.5 |
92 |
-23 |
|
1.5 |
60 |
-50 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
117 |
|
0.0185 |
127 |
9 |
|
0.056 |
128 |
9 |
|
0.167 |
126 |
8 |
|
0.5 |
123 |
5 |
|
1.5 |
72 |
-38 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
66 |
|
0.0185 |
67 |
2 |
|
0.056 |
61 |
-8 |
|
0.167 |
52 |
-21 |
|
0.5 |
39 |
-41 |
|
1.5 |
20 |
-70 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
330 |
|
0.0185 |
328 |
-1 |
|
0.056 |
323 |
-2 |
|
0.167 |
315 |
-5 |
|
0.5 |
296 |
-10 |
|
1.5 |
269 |
-18 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
167 |
|
0.0185 |
179 |
7 |
|
0.056 |
164 |
-2 |
|
0.167 |
152 |
-9 |
|
0.5 |
109 |
-35 |
|
1.5 |
66 |
-60 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
317 |
|
0.0185 |
296 |
-6 |
|
0.056 |
279 |
-12 |
|
0.167 |
272 |
-14 |
|
0.5 |
233 |
-26 |
|
1.5 |
213 |
-33 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
142 |
|
0.0185 |
142 |
0 |
|
0.056 |
144 |
1 |
|
0.167 |
122 |
-14 |
|
0.5 |
92 |
-35 |
|
1.5 |
25 |
-82 |
Plants were extended to their maximum height and measured to the nearest millimeter.
Table 4: Mean dry weight of the plants after 21 days treatment of the soil surface with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Plant height after 21 days (mm) |
Percent Effect |
Soybean |
0.0 |
342 |
|
0.0185 |
332 |
-3 |
|
0.056 |
345 |
1 |
|
0.167 |
381 |
11 |
|
0.5 |
342 |
0 |
|
1.5 |
158 |
-54 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
54 |
|
0.0185 |
50 |
-7 |
|
0.056 |
53 |
-2 |
|
0.167 |
59 |
9 |
|
0.5 |
45 |
-17 |
|
1.5 |
52 |
-4 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
9 |
|
0.0185 |
10 |
11 |
|
0.056 |
10 |
11 |
|
0.167 |
10 |
11 |
|
0.5 |
7 |
-22 |
|
1.5 |
7 |
-22 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
51 |
|
0.0185 |
43 |
-16 |
|
0.056 |
52 |
2 |
|
0.167 |
45 |
-12 |
|
0.5 |
36 |
-29 |
|
1.5 |
22 |
-57 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
154 |
|
0.0185 |
179 |
16 |
|
0.056 |
168 |
9 |
|
0.167 |
196 |
27 |
|
0.5 |
198 |
29 |
|
1.5 |
137 |
-11 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
72 |
|
0.0185 |
68 |
-6 |
|
0.056 |
69 |
-4 |
|
0.167 |
54 |
-25 |
|
0.5 |
40 |
-44 |
|
1.5 |
18 |
-75 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
91 |
|
0.0185 |
95 |
4 |
|
0.056 |
90 |
-1 |
|
0.167 |
81 |
-11 |
|
0.5 |
81 |
-11 |
|
1.5 |
75 |
-18 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
17 |
|
0.0185 |
17 |
0 |
|
0.056 |
15 |
-12 |
|
0.167 |
14 |
-18 |
|
0.5 |
11 |
-35 |
|
1.5 |
8 |
-53 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
129 |
|
0.0185 |
111 |
-14 |
|
0.056 |
99 |
-23 |
|
0.167 |
933 |
-28 |
|
0.5 |
72 |
-44 |
|
1.5 |
78 |
-40 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
12 |
|
0.0185 |
12 |
0 |
|
0.056 |
13 |
8 |
|
0.167 |
11 |
-8 |
|
0.5 |
8 |
-33 |
|
1.5 |
6 |
-50 |
Plants were cut at the soil level and placed in a pre-weighed paper bag. Plants were dried at 70°C for 48 hours. The total weight of the plants was divided by the number of plants collected to obtain the mean weight per plant.
Table 5: Statistical NOEC, EC25 and EC50 values in lb a.i./A.
Plant |
Seedling emergence |
Seedling survival |
Phytotoxicity |
Plant height |
Plant dry weight |
|||||||||
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
Mean rating |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
|
Soybean |
0.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
ND |
nd |
0.5 |
0.797 |
2.025 |
Lettuce |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
1.143 |
4.267 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Carrot |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.5 |
5.051 |
41.268 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Tomato |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.5 |
0.2 |
0.167 |
0.400 |
3.921 |
0.167 |
0.228 |
2.071 |
Cucumber |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
1.413 |
1.564 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Cabbage |
0.5 |
0.465 |
4.520 |
0.5 |
|
|
0.167 |
0.1 |
0.056 |
0.218 |
0.684 |
0.056 |
0.178 |
0.562 |
Oat |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.056 |
4.477 |
58.760 |
0.5 |
2.857 |
30.836 |
Ryegrass |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.167 |
0.381 |
0.969 |
0.167 |
0.227 |
1.253 |
Corn |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.167 |
0.548 |
8.210 |
0.056 |
0.094 |
2.694 |
Onion |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.167 |
0.280 |
0.615 |
0.167 |
0.445 |
1.226 |
Table 1: Mean phytotoxicity rating at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Days after treatment |
||
|
7 |
14 |
21 |
|
Soybean |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
1.2 |
|
1.5 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.9 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.3 |
0.4 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
0.1 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
0.0185 |
0.1 |
0.2 |
0.1 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.3 |
|
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
2.0 |
1.3 |
0.1 |
|
1.5 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
0.9 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.9 |
1.2 |
1.2 |
|
1.5 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.5 |
0.8 |
0.4 |
|
0.5 |
1.5 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
|
1.5 |
2.2 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
0.2 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.0 |
1.1 |
2.0 |
|
1.5 |
0.0 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.1 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.056 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.1 |
0.0 |
|
1.5 |
0.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
Table 2: Plant height and percent difference in height at 0 and 21 days after treatment with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Days after treatment |
Percent increase in plant height |
Percent effect on plant growth |
|||
0 |
21 |
||||||
Plant height (mm) |
Percent difference |
Plant height (mm) |
Percent difference |
||||
Soybean |
0.0 |
33 |
|
358 |
|
985 |
|
0.0185 |
35 |
6 |
356 |
-1 |
917 |
-7 |
|
0.056 |
34 |
3 |
332 |
-7 |
876 |
-11 |
|
0.167 |
32 |
-3 |
297 |
-20 |
797 |
-19 |
|
0.5 |
34 |
3 |
214 |
-40 |
529 |
-46 |
|
1.5 |
32 |
-3 |
124 |
-54 |
288 |
-71 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
47 |
|
78 |
|
66 |
|
0.0185 |
49 |
4 |
77 |
-1 |
47 |
-14 |
|
0.056 |
50 |
6 |
77 |
-1 |
54 |
-22 |
|
0.167 |
50 |
6 |
81 |
4 |
62 |
-6 |
|
0.5 |
46 |
-2 |
77 |
-1 |
67 |
2 |
|
1.5 |
48 |
2 |
76 |
-3 |
58 |
-12 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
33 |
|
81 |
|
145 |
|
0.0185 |
34 |
3 |
90 |
11 |
165 |
14 |
|
0.056 |
41 |
24 |
90 |
11 |
120 |
-21 |
|
0.167 |
36 |
9 |
86 |
6 |
139 |
-4 |
|
0.5 |
35 |
6 |
80 |
-1 |
129 |
-11 |
|
1.5 |
38 |
15 |
95 |
17 |
150 |
3 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
72 |
|
156 |
|
117 |
|
0.0185 |
68 |
-6 |
144 |
-8 |
112 |
-4 |
|
0.056 |
70 |
-3 |
146 |
-6 |
109 |
-7 |
|
0.167 |
78 |
8 |
157 |
1 |
105 |
-10 |
|
0.5 |
69 |
-4 |
127 |
-19 |
84 |
-28 |
|
1.5 |
71 |
-1 |
116 |
-26 |
63 |
-46 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
42 |
|
112 |
|
167 |
|
0.0185 |
42 |
0 |
123 |
10 |
193 |
16 |
|
0.056 |
42 |
0 |
113 |
1 |
169 |
1 |
|
0.167 |
42 |
2 |
117 |
4 |
172 |
3 |
|
0.5 |
42 |
0 |
88 |
-27 |
110 |
-34 |
|
1.5 |
42 |
0 |
84 |
-25 |
100 |
-40 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
35 |
|
78 |
|
136 |
|
0.0185 |
32 |
-3 |
78 |
0 |
144 |
6 |
|
0.056 |
30 |
-9 |
71 |
-9 |
137 |
1 |
|
0.167 |
32 |
-3 |
60 |
-23 |
88 |
-35 |
|
0.5 |
31 |
-6 |
51 |
-35 |
65 |
-52 |
|
1.5 |
31 |
-6 |
47 |
-40 |
52 |
-62 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
36 |
|
319 |
|
786 |
|
0.0185 |
30 |
-17 |
347 |
9 |
1057 |
34 |
|
0.056 |
38 |
6 |
325 |
2 |
755 |
-4 |
|
0.167 |
36 |
0 |
347 |
9 |
864 |
10 |
|
0.5 |
40 |
11 |
306 |
-4 |
665 |
-15 |
|
1.5 |
37 |
3 |
259 |
-19 |
600 |
-24 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
67 |
|
207 |
|
209 |
|
0.0185 |
69 |
3 |
212 |
2 |
207 |
-1 |
|
0.056 |
56 |
-16 |
181 |
-13 |
223 |
7 |
|
0.167 |
66 |
-1 |
165 |
-20 |
150 |
-28 |
|
0.5 |
69 |
3 |
142 |
-31 |
106 |
-49 |
|
1.5 |
69 |
3 |
124 |
-40 |
80 |
-62 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
36 |
|
325 |
|
803 |
|
0.0185 |
32 |
-11 |
351 |
8 |
997 |
24 |
|
0.056 |
37 |
3 |
333 |
2 |
800 |
0 |
|
0.167 |
38 |
6 |
321 |
-1 |
744 |
-8 |
|
0.5 |
34 |
-6 |
265 |
-18 |
679 |
-15 |
|
1.5 |
56 |
0 |
219 |
-33 |
508 |
-37 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
65 |
|
166 |
|
155 |
|
0.0185 |
69 |
6 |
179 |
8 |
159 |
3 |
|
0.056 |
67 |
3 |
158 |
-5 |
136 |
-12 |
|
0.167 |
63 |
-3 |
135 |
-19 |
114 |
-26 |
|
0.5 |
64 |
-2 |
129 |
-24 |
97 |
-37 |
|
1.5 |
65 |
0 |
75 |
-55 |
15 |
-90 |
Table 3: Plant height and percent difference in height at 0 and 21 days after treatment with the test substance.
Crop |
Treatment rate (lb a.i./A) |
Dry weight |
Percent effect |
Soybean |
0.0 |
571 |
|
0.0185 |
610 |
7 |
|
0.056 |
562 |
-12 |
|
0.167 |
501 |
-2 |
|
0.5 |
465 |
-20 |
|
1.5 |
314 |
-45 |
|
Lettuce |
0.0 |
118 |
|
0.0185 |
119 |
1 |
|
0.056 |
113 |
-4 |
|
0.167 |
109 |
-8 |
|
0.5 |
117 |
-1 |
|
1.5 |
110 |
-7 |
|
Carrot |
0.0 |
31 |
|
0.0185 |
38 |
23 |
|
0.056 |
43 |
39 |
|
0.167 |
36 |
16 |
|
0.5 |
31 |
0 |
|
1.5 |
42 |
35 |
|
Tomato |
0.0 |
117 |
|
0.0185 |
103 |
-12 |
|
0.056 |
122 |
4 |
|
0.167 |
161 |
38 |
|
0.5 |
112 |
-4 |
|
1.5 |
93 |
-21 |
|
Cucumber |
0.0 |
355 |
|
0.0185 |
442 |
25 |
|
0.056 |
344 |
-3 |
|
0.167 |
402 |
13 |
|
0.5 |
241 |
-32 |
|
1.5 |
255 |
-28 |
|
Cabbage |
0.0 |
171 |
|
0.0185 |
122 |
-29 |
|
0.056 |
162 |
-5 |
|
0.167 |
106 |
-38 |
|
0.5 |
96 |
-44 |
|
1.5 |
68 |
-60 |
|
Oat |
0.0 |
182 |
|
0.0185 |
196 |
8 |
|
0.056 |
203 |
78 |
|
0.167 |
213 |
17 |
|
0.5 |
187 |
3 |
|
1.5 |
162 |
-11 |
|
Ryegrass |
0.0 |
45 |
|
0.0185 |
62 |
38 |
|
0.056 |
50 |
11 |
|
0.167 |
47 |
4 |
|
0.5 |
47 |
4 |
|
1.5 |
38 |
-16 |
|
Corn |
0.0 |
177 |
|
0.0185 |
208 |
18 |
|
0.056 |
178 |
1 |
|
0.167 |
198 |
12 |
|
0.5 |
176 |
-1 |
|
1.5 |
162 |
-8 |
|
Onion |
0.0 |
29 |
|
0.0185 |
37 |
28 |
|
0.056 |
31 |
7 |
|
0.167 |
28 |
-3 |
|
0.5 |
26 |
-10 |
|
1.5 |
22 |
-24 |
Table 4: Statistical NOEC, EC25 and EC50 values expressed in lb a.i./A.
Crop |
Phytotoxicity |
Plant height |
Plant dry weight |
|||||
NOEC |
Mean rating |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
NOEC |
EC25 |
EC50 |
|
Soybean |
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.056 |
0.228 |
0.755 |
0.056 |
0.543 |
2.039 |
Lettuce |
1.5 |
0.1 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Carrot |
1.5 |
0.0 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Tomato |
1.5 |
0.9 |
0.167 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Cucumber |
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.167 |
1.102 |
5.547 |
0.167 |
0.787 |
4.984 |
Cabbage |
0.167 |
0.4 |
0167 |
0.270 |
2.441 |
0.056 |
0.039 |
0.773 |
Oat |
1.5 |
0.0 |
0.5 |
ND |
ND |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Ryegrass |
0.167 |
0.0 |
0.0185 |
0.315 |
2.568 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Corn |
1.5 |
0.1 |
0.167 |
0.968 |
6.604 |
1.5 |
ND |
ND |
Onion |
0.5 |
0.0 |
0.056 |
0.334 |
1.394 |
1.5 |
1.093 |
3.850 |
Description of key information
21-d EC50 = 0.84 mg ai/kg soil dw, Seedling emergence test, Maggio 1990a
21-d NOEC = 0.084 mg ai/kg soil dw, Seedling emergence test, Maggio 1990a
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Short-term EC50 or LC50 for terrestrial plants:
- 0.84 mg/kg soil dw
- Long-term EC10, LC10 or NOEC for terrestrial plants:
- 0.084 mg/kg soil dw
Additional information
The toxicity to terrestrial plants endpoint was determined by two studies in a weight-of-evidence approach including a seedling emergence test (Maggio 1990a) and a vegetative vigor test (Maggio 1990b).
Seedling emergence test
Tier 2 nontarget seedling emergence studies were conducted to determine the effect of the test substance on the seedling emergence of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion. The study was conducted in accordance with EPA 123 -1 and in compliance with GLP. A plexiglass template was used to create planting holes in the soil, thus allowing for uniform planting depth and distribution of the seeds planted per pot. Soybean, cucumber, oat, and corn were planted at a depth of 2.5 cm while lettuce, carrot, tomato, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion were planted at a depth of 1.3 cm. The test substance was applied to the soil surface at the rates of 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5, and 1.5 lb ai/A.
Through day 14, percent emergence for all rates for lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion did not differ significantly from the control. The no-effect concentration for percent emergence for the eight crops at the 14-day observation period was the maximum concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration for soybean and cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent emergence no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (1.5) < soybean = cabbage (0.5). Due to a lack of significant rate effects and a lack of a true dose response for seedling emergence, a probit analysis was not conducted, therefore, EC25 and EC50 values could not be determined for soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 4.520 lb ai/A. At the 21-day observation period, soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed no significant difference in the survival rate between the control and any rate of the test substance. Cabbage showed a reduction of 49% in percent survival at the highest concentration rate resulting in a significant difference between that rate and all others including the control, therefore, a no-effect concentration for cabbage was reached at 0.5 lb ai/A. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on percent survival no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = tomato = cucumber = oat = ryegrass = corn = onion (1.5) < cabbage (0.5). Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a time dose response for seedling survival, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 or EC50 values determined on soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Cabbage demonstrated a dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted and resulted in an EC50 value of 2.536 lb ai/A.
At the 21-day observation period, carrot, oat, and corn showed no significant difference between the control and any of the five concentrations tested and a resultant no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. Soybean, lettuce, tomato, cucumber, and onion all showed a significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A, therefore, resulting in a no-effect concentration of 0.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not statistically significant (p < 0.05) from the control at the 21-day observation period was 0.167 lb ai/A for cabbage and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Carrot = oat = corn (1.5) < soybean = lettuce = tomato = cucumber = onion (0.5) < cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
The statistical analysis of the plant height data of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion showed significant difference between the control and the highest concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for soybean, lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. The no-effect concentration, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, ryegrass, corn, and onion was 0.167 lb ai/A, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and oat at the 21-day observation period. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Soybean = lettuce = carrot = cucumber (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = corn (0.167) < cabbage = oat (0.056). Lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. Soybean did not demonstrate a true dose response, therefore, the EC25 and EC50 values were not determined. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity (lb ai/A) is: Oat (58.760) < carrot (41.268) < corn (8.210) < lettuce (4.267) < tomato (3.921) < cucumber (1.564) < ryegrass (0.969) < cabbage (0.684) < onion (0.615).
Plant dry weight of all crops was evaluated at 21 days after treatment. Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber resulting in a no-effect concentration of 1.5 lb ai/A. The no-effect concentration as defined by this study for soybean and oat was 0.5 lb ai/A. Tomato showed a 29% detrimental effect at the 0.5 lb ai/A concentration but was not statistically different from the control, however, it was considered biologically significant. The highest treatment rate (no-effect concentration) not significantly different from the control was 0.167 lb ai/A for tomato, ryegrass and onion, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage and corn. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight no-effect concentration (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = cucumber (1.5) < soybean = oat (0.5) < tomato = ryegrass = onion (0.167) < cabbage = corn (0.056). Due to a lack of significant rate effects or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce, carrot, and cucumber. Soybean, tomato, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion all demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for these crops. The EC25 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance is: Oat (30.836) < corn (2.694) < tomato (2.071) < soybean (2.025) < ryegrass (1.253) < onion (1.226) < cabbage (0.562).
Based on these findings, it was concluded that emergence, survival and condition of plants were not affected in any species at rates ≤0.56 kg ai/ha. Plant dry weight and height were the most sensitive parameters with EC50 values of 0. 562 (=0.63 kg/ha or 0.84 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (cabbage) and 0.615 lb/A (=0.69 kg/ha or 0.92 mg a.i./kg soil dw) (onion), respectively. The lowest NOEC value was determined to be 0.056 lb/A (= 0.063 kg/ha or 0.084 mg a.i./kg soil dw) for cabbage, oat and corn, based on plant growth.
Vegetative vigor test
Tier 2 nontarget phytotoxicity studies were conducted to determine the effect of the test substance on the vegetative vigor of soybean, lettuce, carrot, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn and onion. The study was conducted in accordance with EPA 123 -1 and in compliance with GLP.Seedlings were allowed to grow to 1-3 true-leaf stage prior to treatment, and each pot was thinned to five plants of uniform height. A single treatment of the test substance was applied with a track sprayer equipped with an overhead flat-fan nozzle at the equivalent of 50 gallons per acre (gpa) of water. The test substance was applied at the rates of 0.0, 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167, 0.5 and 1.5 lb/A.
At the 21-day observation period, lettuce, tomato, oat, and corn showed no significant difference (p<0.05) between the control and any of the rates tested, resulting in a NOEC of 1.5 lb/A. Carrot showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and the 0.5 lb/A rate due to minor phytotoxicity on one plant in each replicate in that treatment group. However, there was no significance between the control and the maximum concentration for carrot at the 21-day observation period, resulting in a NOEC of 1.5 lb/A. At the 7- and 14-day observation periods, lettuce and tomato showed a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the control and 0.5 lb/A concentration, however, both crops outgrew the effect by the 21-day observation period. The highest treatment rate (NOEC) resulting in a phytotoxicity rating not significant from the control at the 21-day observation period, was 0.5 lb/A for onion and 0.167 lb/A for soybean, cucumber, cabbage and ryegrass. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on phytotoxicity NOEC (lb/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = corn (1.5) < onion (0.5) < soybean = cucumber = cabbage = ryegrass (0.167).
Treatment of lettuce and carrot with the test substance did not result in a significant difference (p < 0.05) in plant height at the 21-day observation period between the control and any of the rates tested.
The highest treatment rate (NOEC) not significantly different from the control was 0.5 lb ai/A for oat. The NOEC, as defined by this study for plant height, for tomato, cucumber, cabbage, and corn was 0.167 lb ai/A, 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean and onion, and 0.0185 lb ai/A for ryegrass at the 21-day observation period. With the exception of lettuce, carrot, oat, and corn, the test substance exceeded 25% reduction on plant growth at the two highest concentrations (0.5 lb ai/A and 1.5 lb ai/A) on soybean, tomato, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, and onion. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant height NOECs (lb ai/A) at the 21-day observation period are: Lettuce = carrot (1.5) < oat (0.5) < tomato = cucumber = cabbage = corn (0.167) < soybean = onion (0.056) < ryegrass (0.0185). Due to a lack of significant rate effects in plant height or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce and carrot, tomato, and oat. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage, ryegrass, corn, and onion demonstrated a plant height dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. The EC50 value (lb ai/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is: Corn (6.604) < cucumber (5.547) < ryegrass (2.568) < cabbage (2.441) < onion (1.394) < soybean (0.755).
Statistical analysis of the plant dry weight data showed that there was no significant difference in plant dry weight between the control and any other rates on lettuce, cucumber, cabbage, oat, ryegrass, corn, and onion. Tomato produced some vigorous plants in the 0.167 lb ai/A treatment rate resulting in significance between that rate and all others including the control. The NOEC, as defined by this study for plant dry weight for tomato, was 1.5 lb ai/A. An increase in plant dry weight of carrot from 16% to 39% resulted in significance between the control and 0.0185, 0.056, 0.167 and 1.5 lb ai/A treatment rates. This response was due to vigorous plants produced in those rates. Treatment of carrot with the test substance did not result in any detrimental effects in plant dry weight and a NOECwas determined to be 1.5 lb ai/A. At 0.5 and 1.5 lb ai/A, cucumber showed a 32% and a 28% reduction in plant dry weight, respectively, but this was not statistically significant due to variability in plant dry weight in the lower rates. Cabbage showed a reduction in plant dry weight from 5% at 0.056 lb ai/A to 60% at 1.5 lb ai/A, but due to variability was not statistically significant. The non-significance in cucumber can be attributed to an increase in plant height at the 0.0185 and 0.167 lb ai/A rates were as the non-significance in cabbage can be attributed to an increase in the plant height of replicate 2 of the 0.056 lb ai/A rate. Although not statistically significant, a NOEC was determined to be 0.167 lb ai/A for cucumber, and 0.056 lb ai/A for cabbage based on biological significance. The highest treatment rate NOEC was 0.056 lb ai/A for soybean. Crops listed in order of increasing sensitivity to the test substance based on plant dry weight NOEC (lb ai/A) are: Lettuce = carrot = tomato = oat = ryegrass = com = onion (1.5) < cucumber (0.167) < soybean = cabbage (0.056). Due to the lack of significant differences in pant dry weight or a lack of a true dose response, a probit analysis was not conducted nor EC25 and EC50 values determined on lettuce, carrot, tomato, oat, ryegrass and corn. Soybean, cucumber, cabbage and onion demonstrated a plant dry weight dose response after treatment with the test substance, therefore, a probit analysis was conducted on the data for each of these crops and EC25 and EC50 values were determined. The EC50 value (lb/A) for each crop in order of increasing sensitivity is: Cucumber (4.984) < onion (3.850) < soybean (2.039) < cabbage (0.773).
Based on the findings, it can be concluded that survival and condition of plants were not affected in any species following post-emergence foliar application at rates ≤ 0.167lb/A (≤ 0.19 kg ai/ha). Cabbage (plant dry weight) and soy bean (plant height) were the most sensitive species with EC50 values of 0.755 and 0.773 lb/A (equivalent to 0.85 and 0.87 kg ai/ha or 1.13 and 1.16 mg ai/kg), respectively.
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