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EC number: 931-584-3 | CAS number: 66071-92-9
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates ā in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Hazard for air
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Hazard for predators
Additional information
Black liquor is registered as a transported isolated intermediate and is manufactured and consumed under strictly controlled conditions
during its whole life cycle. The derivation of PNECs is required for the chemical safety assessment (CSA) of substances manufactured/imported/used in quantities from 10 t/y onwards. CSA does not need to be performed for transported isolated intermediates.
The conclusion on classification is based on aquatic acute toxicity data according to Annex VII in the REACH regulation, applied for transported isolated intermediates, where no terrestrial or long-term aquatic toxicity information is required.
No data on sediment or terrestrial toxicity of Black liquor was available based on an extensive literature search. Black liquor recycles in the pulping process and no spillages occur in normal process conditions. Hence little ecotoxicological studies have been conducted on Black liquor.
Five supporting studies reported short-term toxicity to fish, aquatic invertebrates and aquatic algae and cyanobacteria. The tested sample as whole in wet weight (wwt) contained 47.3 % water/52.7% dry solids.
The EC50 (48 h) values for D. magna were 1300 mg/l (wwt.) and >1000 mg/l (wwt.) (n=2). The EC50 (72 h) values for P. subcapitata were 72.4 mg/l (wwt.) and 148.98 mg/l (wwt.) (growth rate) (n=2). The LL50 (96 h) value for P. promelas was >1000 mg/l (wwt.) (n=1).
NOEC (48 h) values for D. magna were 200 mg/l (wwt.) and 1000 mg/l (wwt.) (n=2). The NOEC (72 h) values for P. subcapitata were 12 mg/l (wwt.) and 5 mg/l (wwt) (growth rate) (n=2). The NOELr (96 h) value for P. promelas was 1000 mg/l (wwt.) (n=1).
Black liquor was the most toxic to algae (EC50 38 mg/l (dwt)/72 mg/l (wwt.), which drives the classification.
The EC50 value is higher than the limit value for the class Aq. Acute Cat.1 (< 1 mg/l), but is within the limits of Aq. Acute Cat.3 (10<EC50ā¤100 mg/l) according to the CLP rules. The criteria for Chronic Cat.3 hazard classification requires additionally information of (bio)degradability and/or bioaccumulation and/or chronic toxicity. The tested Black liquor sample was not readily biodegradable (see. 5.2.1).
Conclusion on classification
Black liquor is the spent cooking liquor from alkaline pulping and bleaching process. The source materials for Black liquor are softwood, hardwood, agricultural fibers and White liquor. Dry substance content of Black liquor varies from 3 to 80% consisting of ca. 30 -77% of inorganics and 23-70% organics. Black liquor is a UVCB substance with a variable composition. Therefore the ecotoxicological properties may be somewhat variable, depending on the ecomposition and the raw materials applied.
The ecotoxicological properties (Annex VII, REACH regulation) of a representative Black liquor sample were tested by a GLP laboratory during 2009-2010 (the Key studies). The tested sample contained 47.3 % water/52.7% dry solids. The endpoints for which additional supporting data was available in the literature were Short-term toxicity to fish, Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates, Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria and Toxicity to microorganisms.
No data was found for the other ecotoxicological endpoints, other than those referred in the endpoint records, through extensive literature searches. Black liquor is registered as a Transported Isolated Intermediate and no testing outside Annex VII in the REACH regulation is required.
According to the experimental results the ecotoxicological properties of Black liquor were:
- Hazardous to the aquatic environment (Acute toxicity to aquatic algae, 10 < EC50 <100 mg/l)
Black liquor was not toxic to:
- Aquatic invertebrate (Acute toxicity to Daphnia magna, EC50>100 mg/l (wwt.))
According to the supporting studies Black liquor was not toxic to:
- Aquatic algae (Acute toxicity to aquatic algae, EC50 >100 mg/l)
- Fish (Short-term toxicity to fish, LL50 > 100 mg/l)
Additionally, the need for classification according to the CLP rules was evaluated based on the expected maximum concentration of the only identified main ingredient, reported in the Black liquor typical composition (1.2), which holds a harmonized classification for aquatic hazard i.e.sodium sulfide (EC 215-211-5).
According to the main ingredients the ecotoxic properties of Black liquor were:
- Not toxic to aquatic life.
No Observed Effects Concentrations for aquatic organisms were:
- Daphnia magna, NOEC (48 h) 105 mg/l (dwt) (200 mg/l (wwt)) and 527 mg/l (dwt) (1000 mg/l (wwt.)) (n=2),
- Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, NOEC (72 h) 6.3 mg/l (dwt) (12 mg/l (wwt)) and 2.6 mg/l (dwt) (5 mg/l (wwt)) (growth rate) (n=2),
- Pimephales promelas, NOELr (96 h) 527 mg/l (dwt) (1000 mg/l (wwt)) (n=1).
The classification derived from the experimental results of Black liquor is based on the acute aquatic toxicity and biodegradation (5.2.1):
Acute aquatic toxicity to algae (EC50) 38 mg/l (dwt) (72 mg/l (wwt)) Aq. Acute Cat. 3 (10<Cā¤100 mg/l)
Biodegradability (28 d) 48% Not readily biodegradable
CLP: Aquatic hazard: Chronic Category 3 (H412: Harmful to aquatic life with long lasting effects)
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
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