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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 201-222-2 | CAS number: 79-74-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicological Summary
- Administrative data
- Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
- Workers - Hazard via dermal route
- Workers - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - workers
- General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
- General Population - Hazard via dermal route
- General Population - Hazard via oral route
- General Population - Hazard for the eyes
- Additional information - General Population
Administrative data
Workers - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 1.15 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 75
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 86.3 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Not required under Guidance R8 Appendix 8.8 as no distinct acute systemic effects have been established.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Workers - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.327 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 300
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 98 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Not required under Guidance R8 Appendix 8.8 as no distinct acute systemic effects have been established.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.01 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 15
- Dose descriptor:
- other: LOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 3
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor when starting point is a LOAEL
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable to sensitisation
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable for local effects
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable for local effects
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 5
- Justification:
- Workers. Table R8-6
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor for good/standard quality of database (Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health)
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- It is considered that there are sufficient safety factors built into the extrapolations utilised to justify omission of this “uncertain” assessment factor.
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Workers - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - workers
Acute DNELs:
As the substance is classified for acute oral toxicity an acute DNEL should be derived for the general population. However, peak exposure is considered not possible and therefore an acute DNELsystemic will not be derived. The long term DNEL is considered sufficient to cover effects from acute exposure.As an acute toxicity hazard leading to Classification and Labelling of the substance has not been identified for dermal and inhalation exposure, the long-term DNEL is considered sufficient to ensure that effects from acute exposure to the substance do not occur (in accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment: Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, and Part B: Hazard Assessment, Draft new chapter B.8 Scope of Exposure Assessment,).
Long term DNELs:
The following DNELs have been derived:
Systemic:
Long-term oral general population
Long-term inhalation general population and workers
Long-term dermal general population and workers
Route-to-route extrapolation
For the derivation of the DNELs:
Long-term – dermal, systemic effects
Long-term – inhalation, systemic effects
Route-to-route extrapolation has been performed. In absence of relevant data, only differences between the different routes as determined by the assumed percentages of absorption into the systemic circulation could be accounted for (see toxicokinetic assessment).
Absorption oral (rat) = Absorption oral (human) = 50%
Absorption dermal (human) = 50%
Absorption inhalation (human) = 100%
The DNELs for human exposure are derived according to the default assessment factors prescribed by ECHA. The automated calculation software within IUCLID 6 was used to derive the definitive DNELS .
Starting point for all DNELs: NOAEL 70 mg/kg bw/day from a developmental oral study in rats (LOAEL 175 mg/kg bw/d).
In a 28-day study with rats a NOAEL of 100 ppm (9.4 mg/kg bw/day) was observed with a LOAEL of 93.2 mg/kg bw/day (1000 ppm). The effect at the LOAEL in this study was only observed in females, the decreased kidney weight was dose-related but with a very flat curve (at 100, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm: 6, 9, 10 and 15%, respectively for relative and 7, 9, 10 and 13% for absolute kidney weights). No gross lesions were observed, however no histopathology was performed. At 3000 ppm clear other adverse effects were observed, such as decreased kidney weights in males, in males and females increased liver weights, decreased body weight gain and food consumption, severe clinical signs. In a 90-day study with rats conducted according to current OECD and EU guidelines, the NOAEL was 150 mg/kg bw (the highest dose tested); the adverse effects observed in the 28-day study were not observed in this 90 day study. Therefore, it is considered appropriate to use the NOAEL of the developmental study of 70 mg/kg bw/day. Justification of this is detailed in Section 13.2 "Justification of DNEL starting point" which presents an expert opinion for the justification of the 90-day NOAEL.
General Population - Hazard via inhalation route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.203 mg/m³
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 150
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 30.5 mg/m³
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Not required under Guidance R8 Appendix 8.8 as no distinct acute systemic effects have been established.
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard via dermal route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.117 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
Local effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.007 mg/cm²
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- sensitisation (skin)
DNEL related information
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 30
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- other: LOAEL
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 3
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor when starting point is a LOAEL
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable for sensitisation
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable for local effects
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 1
- Justification:
- Not applicable for local effects
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor for general population
- AF for remaining uncertainties:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default assessment factor for good/standard quality of database (Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health)
General Population - Hazard via oral route
Systemic effects
Long term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- DNEL (Derived No Effect Level)
- Value:
- 0.117 mg/kg bw/day
- Most sensitive endpoint:
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
- Route of original study:
- Oral
DNEL related information
- DNEL derivation method:
- ECHA REACH Guidance
- Overall assessment factor (AF):
- 600
- Dose descriptor starting point:
- NOAEL
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Value:
- 70 mg/kg bw/day
- Explanation for the modification of the dose descriptor starting point:
Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for dose response relationship:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for differences in duration of exposure:
- 6
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for interspecies differences (allometric scaling):
- 4
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for other interspecies differences:
- 2.5
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for intraspecies differences:
- 10
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
- AF for the quality of the whole database:
- 1
- Justification:
- Default (DNEL calculator)
Acute/short term exposure
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
DNEL related information
General Population - Hazard for the eyes
Local effects
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Additional information - General Population
Acute DNELs:
As the substance is classified for acute oral toxicity an acute DNEL should be derived for the general population. However, peak exposure is considered not possible and therefore an acute DNELsystemic will not be derived. The long term DNEL is considered sufficient to cover effects from acute exposure.As an acute toxicity hazard leading to Classification and Labelling of the substance has not been identified for dermal and inhalation exposure, the long-term DNEL is considered sufficient to ensure that effects from acute exposure to the substance do not occur (in accordance with ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment: Chapter R.8: Characterisation of dose [concentration]-response for human health, and Part B: Hazard Assessment, Draft new chapter B.8 Scope of Exposure Assessment,).
Long term DNELs:
The following DNELs have been derived:
Systemic:
Long-term oral general population
Long-term inhalation general population and workers
Long-term dermal general population and workers
Route-to-route extrapolation
For the derivation of the DNELs:
Long-term – dermal, systemic effects
Long-term – inhalation, systemic effects
Route-to-route extrapolation has been performed. In absence of relevant data, only differences between the different routes as determined by the assumed percentages of absorption into the systemic circulation could be accounted for (see toxicokinetic assessment).
Absorption oral (rat) = Absorption oral (human) = 50%
Absorption dermal (human) = 50%
Absorption inhalation (human) = 100%
The DNELs for human exposure are derived according to the default assessment factors prescribed by ECHA. The automated calculation software within IUCLID 6 was used to derive the definitive DNELS .
Starting point for all DNELs: NOAEL 70 mg/kg bw/day from a developmental oral study in rats (LOAEL 175 mg/kg bw/d).
In a 28-day study with rats a NOAEL of 100 ppm (9.4 mg/kg bw/day) was observed with a LOAEL of 93.2 mg/kg bw/day (1000 ppm). The effect at the LOAEL in this study was only observed in females, the decreased kidney weight was dose-related but with a very flat curve (at 100, 1000, 3000 and 5000 ppm: 6, 9, 10 and 15%, respectively for relative and 7, 9, 10 and 13% for absolute kidney weights). No gross lesions were observed, however no histopathology was performed. At 3000 ppm clear other adverse effects were observed, such as decreased kidney weights in males, in males and females increased liver weights, decreased body weight gain and food consumption, severe clinical signs. In a 90-day study with rats conducted according to current OECD and EU guidelines, the NOAEL was 150 mg/kg bw (the highest dose tested); the adverse effects observed in the 28-day study were not observed in this 90 day study. Therefore, it is considered appropriate to use the NOAEL of the developmental study of 70 mg/kg bw/day. Justification of this is detailed in Section 13.2 "Justification of DNEL starting point" which presents an expert opinion for the justification of the 90-day NOAEL.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)