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EC number: 293-309-7 | CAS number: 91053-44-0 Residues obtained by cementation of cadmium by iron dust out of cadmium sulfate solutions. Composed primarily of metallic cadmium and zinc.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No information
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Non standard test. Well documented publication.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 990
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- To examine the effect of cadmium exposure on maternal and foetal zinc metabolism, rats were exposed to cadmium chloride in drinking water on Days 6 through 20 of pregnancy.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cadmium chloride
- EC Number:
- 233-296-7
- EC Name:
- Cadmium chloride
- Cas Number:
- 10108-64-2
- IUPAC Name:
- cadmium dichloride
- Details on test material:
- -Name of test material-CdCl2
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Holtzman Company (Madison, WI)
- Housing: cages
- Diet: ad libitum, Purina 5002 Certified Rodent chow (containing 75 ppm Zn and < 0.01 ppm Cd)
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): no information
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21 +/- 1.5
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: drinking water
- Vehicle:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- No information
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Cd concentrations were determined by AAS with a graphite furnace (Perklin -Elmer Zeeman/3030) at a wavelenght of 228.8 nm and a slit wiidth of
0.7 nm. - Details on mating procedure:
- no data available
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Days 6 to 20 of gestation
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily through drinking water
- Duration of test:
- Dasy 6 to 20 of gestation
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 5, 50 and 100 ppm
Basis:
nominal conc.
Actual mean Cd intakes resp. 0, 220, 1650 and 2860 µg/d
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 0 ppm: 66; 5 ppm: 64; 50ppm: 42; 100ppm: 48
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- No information
Examinations
- Maternal examinations:
- PARAMETERS ASSESSED DURING THE STUDY:
PARENTS:
- Clinical observations performed and frequency: appearance, behaviour, daily water intake were checked but no further details are given.
- Bodyweights: maternal body weight was measured in all rats on Day 6 and Day 20 of gestation. Maternal weight gain and net weight gain (i.e. weight gain of the mother minus total fetal and placental weight) between Days 6 and 20 of pregnancy.
- Autopsy: microscopic and macroscopic examination
FETUSES
- Clinical observations performed and frequency: appearance, gross defects, behaviour (response to tactile stimuli) were checked but no further details are given.
- Bodyweights: measured on Day 20 of gestation
ADDITIONAL EXAMINATIONS: DISTRIBUTION STUDIES: in mother and fetuses - Ovaries and uterine content:
- no information
- Fetal examinations:
- no information
- Statistics:
- all statistical comparisons were done using analysis of variance. Intergroup comparisions were made with Scheffe’s test for multiple comparisons at an alpha level of 0.1 (Zar, 1974).
- Indices:
- no information
- Historical control data:
- no information
Results and discussion
Results: maternal animals
Maternal developmental toxicity
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Details on maternal toxic effects:
- Mortality and time to death: no death occurred in any of the test groups
- Clinical signs: exposed dams did not differ from controls
- Body weight gain: maternal weight gain and net maternal weight gain of dams of the mid and top dose differed significantly from the controls. A dose-effect relationship is seen.
- Water consumption: decreased in all exposure groups (cfr actual mean intake of Cd), in the top dose group significantly different from the controls
- Organ weights: not determined
- Gross pathology: not determined
- Average litter size: no significant difference occurred in the exposed groups vs. control.
Zinc concentrations in maternal organs were not significantly altered.
Alkaline phosphatase in maternal serum was substantially decreased in the top dose group (activity level of approx. one-fourth that of the controls). In the other exposure groups while also lower, however not significantly different. Delta-ALAD activity in maternal whole blood was markedly decreased in all Cd exposure groups. Maternal liver delta-ALAD was slightly elevated in the low and mid-dose groups. A similar trend was seen for maternal kidney delta-ALAD although this finding was not statistically significant. Thus these increase occurred in organs that had sequestered zinc in response to Cd administration.
Effect levels (maternal animals)
open allclose all
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 5 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 5 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 50 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: developmental toxicity
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 50 ppm
- Basis for effect level:
- other: maternal toxicity
Results (fetuses)
- Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:yes
Details on embryotoxic / teratogenic effects:
- Clinical signs: no differences between the groups
- Weight: significant lower in the mid and the top dose. Multiple regression analysis was performed to determine whether the effect of Cd on fetal weight was independent of its effect on maternal weight. In the top dose group the adjusted fetal weight (i.e. adjusted for maternal weight) did not differ from control weight, indicating that the decreased fetal weight was indeed secondary to decreased maternal weight. However, in the mid-dose group the adjusted fetal weight was significantly different from the control weight, indicating that the effect of Cd on fetal weight in this group was not solely a consequence of decreased maternal weight.
Fetal liver zinc concentrations were reduced by 56 and 55% in the mid- and the top dose respectively when compared to controls. These reductions are proportionally much greater than the decrease in fetal weight suggesting that Cd exposure exerts specific effects on zinc disposition.
Overall, fetal Cd concentration showed a significant negative correlation with fetal weight (r = -0.43, p<0.01, n=442). This association was strongest in the top dose group (r= -0.67, p<0.01, n=109). There was also a strong negative correlation between fetal Cd and fetal zinc concentrations (r= -0.41, p<0.01, n=442).
In the fetal liver, which was deprived of zinc in response to Cd, delta -ALAD was substantially decreased in the 50- and 100 -ppm Cd groups.
Fetal abnormalities
- Abnormalities:
- not specified
Overall developmental toxicity
- Developmental effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Oral Cd exposure in the pregnant rat is associated with alterations in the maternal and fetal disposition of zinc. The authors hypothesize that these
changes, which are accompanied by reductions in the activities of zinc metalloenzymes in both maternal and fetal tissues, may be responsible in part
for the adverse reproductive outcomes commonly associated with Cd exposure during pregnancy in animals. - Executive summary:
To examine the effect of cadmium exposure on maternal and foetal zinc metabolism, rats were exposed to cadmium chloride in drinking water on Days 6 through 20 of pregnancy.
Maternal weight and weight gain during exposure period were significantly decreased in the 50- and 100-ppm exposure groups (but not in the 5-ppm group). At the highest concentration tested, decrease of fetal weight appeared to be largely secondary to the decreased maternal weight gain and presumably water and food intake. However, in the 50-ppm group the adjusted fetal weight (for maternal weight) was significantly different from control weight, indicating an effect that was not solely a consequence of decreased maternal weight. At this concentration, cadmium caused a substantial Zn retention in maternal liver and kidney, considered to be partially responsible for the decreased concentration of Zn in the foetal liver. The changes in the maternal and foetal disposition of Zn, accompanied by a modification in the activities of Zn metalloenzymes in both maternal and foetal tissues (delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase) support the author's hypothesis that the Cd-induced maternal zinc retention is responsible for an impaired foetal growth.
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