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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 231-778-1 | CAS number: 7726-95-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to reproduction: other studies
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- toxicity to reproduction: other studies
- Type of information:
- other: clinical observation
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Sprematogenesis and reproductive performance following human accidantal exposure to bromine vapor.
- Author:
- Potashnik G, Carel R, Belmaker I and Levine M
- Year:
- 1 992
- Bibliographic source:
- Reproductive Toxicology 6: 171-174
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline required
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Spermatogensis and reproductive performance amongst 8 men and their spouses was evaluated following accidental exposure to bromine vapour.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Type of method:
- other: clinical observations of exposed human males
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Bromine
- EC Number:
- 231-778-1
- EC Name:
- Bromine
- Cas Number:
- 7726-95-6
- Molecular formula:
- Br2
- IUPAC Name:
- dibromine
- Reference substance name:
- 231-7778-1
- IUPAC Name:
- 231-7778-1
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Test animals
- Species:
- other: Human
- Sex:
- male
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: vapour
- Details on exposure:
- Eight men were exposed to high concentrations of bromine vapour following accidental release in a road accident.
A truck loaded with 22,000 kg bromine liquid packed in 1 litre glass bottles overturned releasing 5000 kg of bromine into the environment to form a dense brownish-red cloud with well deined margins. No quantitative measurements were taken at the site. Nine men were involved in rescuing the driver of the truck which lasted about 4 hours. The driver died of severe respiratory distress caused by bromine intoxication.
Only eight of the men exposed consented to the fertility evaluation. - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- no
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Approximately 4 hours
- Frequency of treatment:
- Not applicable
- Duration of test:
- Not applicable
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 8 males
Results and discussion
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- other: reproductive effect
- Effect level:
- other: Immediate Danger to life and Health (IDLH) level
- Based on:
- element
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Mild degree of spermatogenic suppression and impaired reproductive performance
Observed effects
Altered sperm parameters and altered vibilities from bomine-induced sperm abnormalities could not be established.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1: Semen analysis, hormonal profile, and reproductive history of 8 men accidentally exposed to bromine vapour.
Subject No. |
Exposure time (min) |
Previous pregnancy in spouse (N) |
Study interval (wks) |
Semen analysis |
Plasma bromine levels |
||||
Sperm density (x106/mL) |
1-h motility (%) |
Normalforms (%) |
FSH (mIU/mL) |
LH (mIU/mL) |
T (mIU/mL) |
||||
1 |
240 |
2 |
9 |
2b |
10 |
20 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
3.6 |
2 |
90 |
2 |
9 |
12 |
15 |
35 |
6.0 |
5.0 |
5.5 |
3 |
150 |
3 |
28 |
13 |
50 |
45 |
2.0 |
7.0 |
9.3 |
4 |
50 |
2 |
9 |
35 |
50 |
55 |
4.0 |
3.0 |
5.0 |
5 |
90 |
1 |
24 |
140 |
65 |
55 |
4.0 |
4.0 |
2.7 |
7 |
50 |
4 |
9 |
95 |
60 |
50 |
5.0 |
5.0 |
2.0 |
8 |
60 |
1 |
40 |
65 |
55 |
50 |
3.0 |
5.0 |
6.6 |
aFrom exposure to performance of tests
bSevere OTA had been diagnosed prior to the accident.
Table 2: Outcome of pregnancies conceived following accidental paternal exposure to bromine vapour.
Subject No. |
Age of spouse (yr) |
Sperm density (x106/mL) |
Conception timea(wks) |
Outcome of pregnancy |
2 |
29 |
12 |
5 |
Complete abortion at 4 weeks |
3 |
33 |
13 |
15 |
Spontaneous abortion at 16 weeks |
4 |
32 |
35 |
2 |
Induced abortion at 8 weeks |
5 |
30 |
140 |
9 |
Term normal female, 3450 |
8 |
32 |
65 |
14 |
Term normal male, 3300 |
aFrom paternal exposure to first missed period in spouse.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The study was undertaken to evaluate spermatogenesis and reproductive performance among 8 men and their spouses following accidental exposure to bromine vapour. Of the three cases with oligo-terato-asthenozospermia (OTA), one had been diagnosed prior to and unrelated to the event. Mild OTA and unimpaired reproductive performance characterised the other two cases. Plasma levels of the follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone were normal in all men. One first-trimester abortion and one late abortion (due to chorioamnionitis) occurred among the 5 pregnancies conceived shortly after the accident. Results of the present study suggest a mild degree of spermatogenic suppression and impaired reproductive performance following paternal exposure to bromine vapour during the described incident. However, due to the small size of the study cohort, a confidential cause-result could not be established.
- Executive summary:
The study was undertaken to evaluate spermatogenesis and reproductive performance among 8 men and their spouses following accidental exposure to bromine vapour. Of the three cases with oligo-terato-asthenozospermia (OTA), one had been diagnosed prior to and unrelated to the event. Mild OTA and unimpaired reproductive performance characterised the other two cases. Plasma levels of the follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone were normal in all men. One first-trimester abortion and one late abortion (due to chorioamnionitis) occurred among the 5 pregnancies conceived shortly after the accident. Results of the present study suggest a mild degree of spermatogenic suppression and impaired reproductive performance following paternal exposure to bromine vapour during the described incident. However, due to the small size of the study cohort, a confidential cause-result could not be established.
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