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EC number: 700-991-6 | CAS number: 8007-24-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Toxicity to reproduction
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Remarks:
- Study conducted under GLP
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 005
- Report date:
- 2005
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- 3-[(7Z)-pentadec-7-en-1-yl]phenol; 3-[(7Z,10Z)-pentadeca-7,10,14-trien-1-yl]phenol; 3-[(7Z,10Z)-pentadeca-7,10-dien-1-yl]phenol; 3-pentadecylphenol
- EC Number:
- 700-991-6
- Cas Number:
- 8007-24-7
- Molecular formula:
- Cardanol (saturated side chain): Formula: C21 H36 O Cardanol (monoene): Formula: C21 H34 O Cardanol (diene): Formula: C21 H32 O Cardanol (triene): Formula: C21 H30 O
- IUPAC Name:
- 3-[(7Z)-pentadec-7-en-1-yl]phenol; 3-[(7Z,10Z)-pentadeca-7,10,14-trien-1-yl]phenol; 3-[(7Z,10Z)-pentadeca-7,10-dien-1-yl]phenol; 3-pentadecylphenol
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Cashew nutshell liquid (distilled grade)
- Physical state: liquid
- Lot/batch No.: AZ0192
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature in the dark
- Other: dark brown slightly viscous liquid
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River (UK) Limited
- Age at study initiation: 8 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: males, 290-335g; females 191-215g
- Housing: Initially in groups of 5 in polypropylene cages with stainless steel grid floors and tops, suspended over polypropylene trays lined with absorbant paper. During mating cages held one male and one female. Males were returned to their original cages and females were housed individually.
- Diet (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Water (e.g. ad libitum): ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 8 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 21°C
- Humidity (%): 55%
- Air changes (per hr): 15/hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hour light/dark cycle
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- arachis oil
- Details on exposure:
- PREPARATION OF DOSING SOLUTIONS:
DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): weekly
- Storage temperature of food: 4°C
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): arachis oil BP - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Length of cohabitation: 14 days
- Proof of pregnancy: vaginal plug and/or sperm in vaginal smear
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged (how): individually in wire mesh cages - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Up to 54 consecutive days.
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
0, 15, 150, 1000 mg/kg bw/day
Basis:
actual ingested
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Based on results o f a preliminary range-finder study.
- Rationale for animal assignment (if not random): Random based on stratified bodyweights
Examinations
- Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Daily
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: before and after dosing, and one and five hours after dosing during the working week; before and after dosing, and one hour after dosing during the weekend.
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Weekly for males; weeks 1, 2 and 3 and days 1 and 4 post partum for females.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes
- Compound intake calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data:
FOOD EFFICIENCY:
- Body weight gain in kg/food consumption in kg per unit time X 100 calculated as time-weighted averages from the consumption and body weight gain data: No
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study): Yes
- Time schedule for examinations:
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: No
- Time schedule for examinations:
- Dose groups that were examined:
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: Day 13, females at day 5 post-partum
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: No data
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals:5 males and 5 females/dose group
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood:Day 13, females at day 5 post-partum
- Animals fasted: No data
- How many animals:5 males and 5 females/dose group
URINALYSIS: No
- Time schedule for collection of urine:
- Metabolism cages used for collection of urine:
- Animals fasted:
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: End of mating phase, 5 males/dose group; Day 4 post-partum, 5 females/dose group
- Dose groups that were examined: all
- Battery of functions tested: sensory activity / grip strength / motor activity - Litter observations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in F1 offspring: number and sex of pups, stillbirths, live births, postnatal mortality, presence of gross anomalies, weight gain, physical or behavioural abnormalities
GROSS EXAMINATION OF DEAD PUPS:
yes, for external and internal abnormalities; possible cause of death was determined for pups born or found dead. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: All surviving animals
- Maternal animals: All surviving animals Day 5 post partum
GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external and internal examinations including the cervical, thoracic, and abdominal viscera.
HISTOPATHOLOGY / ORGAN WEIGHTS
The tissues indicated in Table 2 were prepared for microscopic examination and weighed, respectively. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- GROSS NECROPSY
- Gross necropsy consisted of external appearance - Statistics:
- ANOVA, incorporating Levene's test for homogeneity of variance. Where variances were shown to be homogenous, pairwise comparisons were conducted using Dunnett's test. Where Levene's test showed unequal variances the data were analysed using non-parametric methods: Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney 'U' test.
Results and discussion
Results: P0 (first parental generation)
General toxicity (P0)
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- no effects observed
Reproductive function / performance (P0)
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- no effects observed
Details on results (P0)
There were no toxicologically significant deaths during the study.
Increased salivation was detected prior to dosing and up to 5 hours after dosing for animals of either sex treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day from Day 9 onwards. One female treated with 150 mg/kg bw/day developed clinical signs consistent with inappropriate dosing on Day 5 and was subsequently terminated. One female treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day had given birth to a number of pups of which the majority were found dead. Several clinical signs were observed in this animal, and the animal and litter were terminated.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
A slightly reduced bodyweight gain was observed for 1000 mg/kg bw/day males during the first two weeks of the study. Reduced bodyweight gain was also observed for 1000 mg/kg bw/day females during the later stages of the gestation period.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
No adverse effect on dietary intake or food efficiency were detected.
FOOD EFFICIENCY
No adverse effect on dietary intake or food efficiency were detected.
WATER CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if drinking water study)
No intergroup differences were detected.
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION
N/A
HAEMATOLOGY
Haematological assessments revealed elevated platelet counts in animals of either sex treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Elevated haemoglobin, erythrocyte and haematocrit was also evident for males treated at 1000 mg/kg bw/day. No such effects were detected at 150 and 15 mg/kg bw/day.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
An increase in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase levels were observed for 1000 mg/kg bw/day animals of either sex, together with elevated inorganic phosphorus, bilirubin and urea, and reduced cholesterol levels.
URINALYSIS
N/A
NEUROBEHAVIOUR
Open field arena observations revealed increased salivation for individual animals of either sex treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day from Week 3.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
Females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day showed elevated liver weights.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
None
HISTOPATHOLOGY: NON-NEOPLASTIC
Groups of alveolar macrophages were seen with a higher incidence for females treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
A higher incidence of sinus histiocytosis and/or foamy histiocytes was observed in relation to treatment with 1000 mg/kg bw/day.
Hyperkeratosis, frequently associated with acanthosis was seen in the forestomachs of animals of either sex treated with 1000 mg/kg bw/day. Focal ulceration of the forestomach epithelium was also seen in one high dose female.
Mucosal hypertrophy was seen in three males at the top dose group. A low incidence of mucosal hypertrophy was observed in females in all dose groups.
OTHER FINDINGS
MATING
No adverse effects on mating or fertility were observed.
OFFSPRING LITTER SIZE AND VIABILITY
No effects detected.
OFFSPRING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
No effects detected.
LITTER OBSERVATIONS
No effects detected.
UTERINE EXAMINATION
No effects detected.
Effect levels (P0)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 150 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: BAsed on systemic changes in the lungs, mesenteric lymph node, stomach and duodenum.
Results: F1 generation
General toxicity (F1)
- Clinical signs:
- no effects observed
- Mortality / viability:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- no effects observed
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
Details on results (F1)
No effects detected.
OFFSPRING GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
No effects detected.
LITTER OBSERVATIONS
No effects detected.
UTERINE EXAMINATION
No effects detected.
Effect levels (F1)
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 1 000 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: No treatment effects occurred on reproduction or offspring development.
Overall reproductive toxicity
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- A NOAEL of 150 mg/kg bw/day has been identified for systemic toxicity. A NOAEL of 1000 mg/kg bw/day has been identified for reproductive parameters.
- Executive summary:
In a subchronic toxicity study Cashew Nutshell Extract, Decarboxylated, Distilled (Distilled Grade) was administered to 5 Sprague-Dawley rats/sex/dose via gavage at dose levels of 0, 15, 150, or 1000 mg/kg bw/day).
Systemic changes in the lungs, mesenteric lymph node, stomach and duodenum occurred at the highest dose.The NOAEL is 150 mg/kg bw/day.
This repeat dose/reproductive toxicity screening study in the rat is acceptable and satisfies the guideline requirement for a subchronic oral study OECD 422 in rats.
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