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EC number: 232-140-5 | CAS number: 7789-00-6
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across based on grouping of substances (category approach)
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 1973 to 1989
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The EU RAR summarises the results of a number of acute invertebrate toxicity studies which, individually, have limitations regarding study design and reliability. However, the results of these studies when taken as a whole, provide an adequate estimate of the acute toxicity to aquatic invertebrates. The data are considered to fulfil the criteria laid down in Annex XI to Regulation 1907/2006: adequate for classification and labelling, adequate coverage of key parameters (lethality), exposure duration comparable or longer that Article 13(3) methods ( 48 hours), adequate documentation provided: EU RAR, of which parts have been copied to this endpoint record. Reliability for endpoint also increased based on test results from several species.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- review article or handbook
- Title:
- European Union Risk Assessment Report: chromium trioxide, sodium chromate, sodium dichromate, ammonium dichromate and potassium dichromate
- Author:
- European Chemicals Bureau
- Year:
- 2 005
- Bibliographic source:
- 3rd. Priority List; Volume 53
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Several studies, collectively, provide a weight-of-evidence to support the acute toxicity
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chromium trioxide
- EC Number:
- 215-607-8
- EC Name:
- Chromium trioxide
- Cas Number:
- 1333-82-0
- IUPAC Name:
- 1333-82-0
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium chromate
- EC Number:
- 231-889-5
- EC Name:
- Sodium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 7775-11-3
- Molecular formula:
- CrH2O4.2Na
- IUPAC Name:
- disodium dioxido(dioxo)chromium
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 231-906-6
- EC Name:
- Potassium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 7778-50-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2H2O7.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Reference substance name:
- Sodium dichromate
- EC Number:
- 234-190-3
- EC Name:
- Sodium dichromate
- Cas Number:
- 10588-01-9
- Molecular formula:
- Cr2Na2O7
- IUPAC Name:
- sodium dichromate
- Reference substance name:
- Potassium chromate
- EC Number:
- 232-140-5
- EC Name:
- Potassium chromate
- Cas Number:
- 7789-00-6
- Molecular formula:
- CrH2O4.2K
- IUPAC Name:
- dipotassium dioxochromiumbis(olate)
- Details on test material:
- For some invertebrates, toxicity data is available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The limited available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total
chromium concentration basis.
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Constituent 3
Constituent 4
Constituent 5
Sampling and analysis
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Details on sampling:
- Various sampling procedures based on multiple studies
Test solutions
- Details on test solutions:
- Various test media prepared based on multiple studies in freshwater and salt water
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Range of species tested
Study design
- Test type:
- other: Range of test designs used
- Water media type:
- not specified
- Post exposure observation period:
- None reported
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Test temperature:
- Range used from multiple studies
- pH:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Dissolved oxygen:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Salinity:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Nominal and measured concentrations:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Details on test conditions:
- Range used from multiple studies
- Reference substance (positive control):
- no
Results and discussion
Effect concentrations
- Remarks on result:
- other: See "Any other information on results incl. tables" below.
- Details on results:
- PPotassium dichromate is recommended as a reference substance in the acute toxicity to Daphnia test (Method C.2; EEC, 1992). A ring test involving 129 EC50 determinations from 46 laboratories determined the mean 24h-EC50 value as 1.5 mg K2Cr2O7/l (EEC, 1992). This is
equivalent to an EC50 of 0.53 mg Cr/l, expressed on a concentration of chromium basis. The toxicity of chromium (VI) to invertebrates in short-term tests appears to depend on water properties such as hardness, pH and temperature. Persoone et al. (1989) noted decreasing EC50
values for Daphnia magna with decreasing hardness and with increasing temperature. Although the conditions included some which were outside those recommended, checks were carried out to make sure that they did not cause mortality or stress in the controls. Longer term tests appear
to show less influence of the properties on toxicity, but there are few if any studies where the properties have been varied. It may be noted that there are no long-term studies in low hardness waters (<50 mg CaCO3/l). For some invertebrates, toxicity data is available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The limited available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for
differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
Any other information on results incl. tables
The results of the acute aquatic invertebrate toxicity studies evaluated in the EU RAR are summarised below:
Species |
Endpoint |
Value (mg/L) |
Reference |
||
Freshwater |
|||||
Crustaceans |
|||||
Ceriodaphnia sp |
48 h LC50 |
0.03 |
Dorn et al. (1987) |
||
Ceriodaphnia dubia |
24 h LC50 |
0.053 |
Hickey (1989) |
||
Ceriodaphnia pulchella |
24 h LC50 |
0.196 |
Hickey (1989) |
||
Ceriodaphnia reticulata |
48 h EC50 |
0.195a |
Elnabarawy et al. (1986) |
||
Crangonyx pseudogracilis |
96 h LC50 |
0.42 |
Martin and Holdrich (1986) |
||
Daphnia carinata |
24 h EC50 |
0.423 |
Hickey (1989) |
||
Daphnia magna |
48 h EC50 |
0.035 |
Stephenson and Watts (1984) Elnabarawy et al. (1986) Trabalka and Gehrs (1977) |
||
Daphnia obtuse |
48 h EC50 |
0.061 |
Coniglio and Baudo (1989) |
||
Daphnia pulex |
48 h EC50 |
0.063 |
Dorn et al. (1987) Elnabarawy et al. (1986) Jop et al. (1987) |
||
Macrobrachium lamarrei |
96 h LC50 |
0.65 |
Murti et al. (1983) |
||
Simocephalus vetulas |
24 h EC50 |
0.154 |
Hickey (1989) |
||
Insects |
|||||
Chironomus tentans |
48 h LC50 |
11.8 |
Khangarot and Ray (1989a) |
||
Molluscs |
|||||
Biomphalaria glabrata |
96 h LC50 |
37.3 |
Bellavere and Gorbi (1981) |
||
Goniobasis levescens |
48 h LC50 |
2.4 |
Cairns Jr. et al. (1976) |
||
Lymnaea acuminata |
96 h LC50 |
5.97 |
Khangarot et al (1982) |
||
Lymnaea emarginata |
48 h LC50 |
34.8 |
Cairns Jr. et al. (1976) |
||
Physa integra |
48 h LC50 |
0.66 |
Cairns Jr. et al. (1976) |
||
Polychaetes |
|||||
Acolosoma haedlyi |
48 h LC50 |
8.6 |
Cairns Jr. et al. (1978) |
||
Enchytreaus albidus |
96 h LC50 |
0.67 |
Roembke and Knacker (1989) |
||
Rotifers |
|||||
Philodina acuticumis |
48 h LC50 |
29 |
Cairns Jr. et al. (1978) |
||
Philodena roseola |
96 h LC50 |
5.5b |
Schaefer and Pipes (1973) |
||
Salt water |
|||||
Crustaceans |
|||||
Allorchestes compressa |
96 h LC50 |
5.56 |
Ahsanullah (1982) |
||
Artemia sp |
24 h LC50 |
13.7 |
Vanhaeke and Persoone (1981) |
||
Artemia salina |
24 h LC50 |
7.8 |
Persoone et al. (1989) Kissa et al. (1984) |
||
Callinectes sapidus* |
96 h LC50 |
34 |
Frank and Robertson (1979) |
||
Cancer magister |
96 h LC50 |
3.44 |
Martin et al. (1981) |
||
Corophium volutator |
96 h LC50 |
4.4 |
Bryant et al. (1981) |
||
Mysidopsis almyra |
48 h EC50 |
5.13 |
Dorn et al. (1987) |
||
Mysidopsis bahia |
48 h EC50 |
2.03 |
Lussier et al. (1985) Jop et al. (1987) |
||
Nitocra spinipes* |
96 h LC50 |
5.7 |
Lindén et al. (1979) |
||
Palaemonetes pugio |
96 h LC50 |
4.86c |
Conklin et al. (1983) |
||
Praunus fluxuosus |
96 h LC50 |
10 |
McLusky and Hagerman (1987) |
||
Tisbe holothuriae |
48 h LC50 |
8.1b |
Moraitou-Apostolopoulou and Veriopoulos (1982) |
||
Molluscs |
|||||
Crassostrea gigas |
48 h EC50 |
4.54 |
Martin et al. (1981) |
||
Mathoma balthica |
96 h LC50 |
29 |
Bryant et al. (1984) |
||
Rangia cuneata |
96 h TLm |
14 |
Olson and Harrel (1973) |
||
Polychaetes |
|||||
Capitella capitata |
96 h LC50 |
5.0a |
Reish et al. (1976) |
||
Neanthes arenaceodentata |
7 d LC50 |
1.63 |
Mearns et al. (1976) |
||
Nereis diversicolor |
96 h LC50 |
7.5 |
Bryant et al. (1984) |
||
Rotifer |
|||||
Branchionus plicatilis* |
24 h LC50 |
51.6 |
Persoone et al. (1989) |
Notes:
All results are from tests with potassium dichromate except:
a sodium dichromate;
b sodium chromate;
c potassium chromate.
All concentrations as Cr. * - tested in brackish water
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- Based on a comprehensive review of existing data in the EU RAR, an acceptable assessment of the acute toxicity of chromium (VI) is achieved.
- Executive summary:
Potassium dichromate is recommended as a reference substance in the acute toxicity to Daphnia test (Method C.2; EEC, 1992). A ring test involving 129 EC50 determinations from 46 laboratories determined the mean 24h-EC50 value as 1.5 mg K2Cr2O7/l (EEC, 1992). This is equivalent to an EC50 of 0.53 mg Cr/l, expressed on a concentration of chromium basis. The toxicity of chromium (VI) to invertebrates in short-term tests appears to depend on water properties such as hardness, pH and temperature. Persoone et al. (1989) noted decreasing EC50 values for Daphnia magna with decreasing hardness and with increasing temperature. Although the conditions included some which were outside those recommended, checks were carried out to make sure that they did not cause mortality or stress in the controls.
For some invertebrates, toxicity data is available for more than one of the chromium (VI) compounds included in this assessment. The limited available information indicates that, when expressed on a total chromium concentration, there are no significant differences between the toxicity of sodium chromate, sodium dichromate and potassium dichromate (allowing for differences in water properties). This is as would be expected if the equilibria between the chromate and dichromate anions are established in the test medium. Little information is available for ammonium dichromate and chromic acid, but it would be expected that their toxicity would be similar to that of the other chromates/dichromates, when expressed on a total chromium concentration basis.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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