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EC number: 203-192-6 | CAS number: 104-29-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Eye irritation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- eye irritation: in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Study period:
- April 22nd, 2014
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- test procedure in accordance with generally accepted scientific standards and described in sufficient detail
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 014
- Report date:
- 2014
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 437 (Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability Test Method for Identifying i) Chemicals Inducing Serious Eye Damage and ii) Chemicals Not Requiring Classification for Eye Irritation or Serious Eye Damage)
- Version / remarks:
- 2013
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Chlorphenesin
- EC Number:
- 203-192-6
- EC Name:
- Chlorphenesin
- Cas Number:
- 104-29-0
- Molecular formula:
- C9H11ClO3
- IUPAC Name:
- 3-(4-chlorophenoxy)propane-1,2-diol
- Test material form:
- solid: particulate/powder
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- STABILITY AND STORAGE CONDITIONS OF TEST MATERIAL
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature in the dark.
Test animals / tissue source
- Species:
- cattle
- Strain:
- not specified
- Details on test animals or tissues and environmental conditions:
- SOURCE OF COLLECTED EYES
- Source: local abattoir as a by-product from freshly slaughtered animals.
- Number of animals: not specified.
- Characteristics of donor animals (e.g. age, sex, weight): adult cattle (typically 12 to 60 months old).
- Storage, temperature and transport conditions of ocular tissue (e.g. transport time, transport media and temperature, and other conditions): the eyes were excised by an abattoir employee after slaughter, and were placed in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution (HBSS) supplemented with antibiotics (penicillin at 100 IU/ml and streptomycin at 100 µg/ml). They were transported to the test facility over ice packs on the same day of slaughter.
- Time interval prior to initiating testing: the corneas were prepared immediately on arrival at the laboratory.
Test system
- Vehicle:
- physiological saline
- Controls:
- other: positive and negative controls
- Amount / concentration applied:
- TEST MATERIAL
- Concentration (if solution): The test item was prepared as a 20 % w/v solution in 0.9 % w/v sodium chloride solution.
VEHICLE: 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solution - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 240 minutes at 32 ± 1 °C
- Number of animals or in vitro replicates:
- 3 replicates for test item, positive control and negative control (total 9 treatments).
- Details on study design:
- SELECTION AND PREPARATION OF CORNEAS:
All eyes were macroscopically examined before and after dissection. Only corneas free of damage were used.
The cornea from each selected eye was removed leaving a 2 to 3 mm rim of sclera to facilitate handling. The iris and lens were peeled away from the cornea. The isolated corneas were immersed (epithelial side uppermost) in a dish containing HBSS until they were mounted in Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) holders.
The anterior and posterior chambers of each BCOP holder were filled with complete Eagle's minimum essential medium (MEM) and plugged. The holders were incubated at 32 ± 1 °C for 60 minutes.
A pre-treatment opacity reading was taken for each cornea using a calibrated opacitometer.
The average opacity for all corneas was calculated.
Three corneas with opacity values close to the median value of all corneas were allocated to the negative control. Three corneas were also allocated to the test item and three corneas to the positive control item.
QUALITY CHECK OF THE ISOLATED CORNEAS:
At the end of the incubation period each cornea was examined for defects. Only corneas free of damage were used.
NUMBER OF REPLICATES: 3 replicates for test item, positive control and negative control (total 9 treatments).
NEGATIVE CONTROL USED: 0.9% wlv sodium chloride solution
POSITIVE CONTROL USED: Imidazole. The positive control was used as a 20% w/v solution in 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solution.
APPLICATION DOSE AND EXPOSURE TIME:
The MEM was removed from the anterior chamber of the BCOP holder and 0.75 ml of the test item preparation or control items were applied to the appropriate corneas. The holders were gently tilted back and forth to ensure a uniform application of the item over the entire cornea. Each holder was incubated, anterior chamber uppermost, at 32 ± 1 °C for 240 minutes.
POST-INCUBATION PERIOD: no
REMOVAL OF TEST SUBSTANCE
- Number of washing steps after exposure period: at the end of the exposure period the test item preparation and control items were removed from the anterior chamber and the cornea was rinsed three times with fresh complete MEM containing phenol red before a final rinse with complete MEM.
- POST-EXPOSURE INCUBATION: not applicable
METHODS FOR MEASURED ENDPOINTS:
- Corneal opacity: calibrated opacitometer
- Corneal permeability: passage of sodium fluorescein dye measured with the aid of microtiter plate reader: the medium from the anterior chamber was removed and replaced with 1 ml of sodium fluorescein solution (5 mg/ml). The dosing holes were plugged and the holders incubated, anterior chamber uppermost, at 32 ± 1 °C for 90 minutes. 360 µl of medium representing each cornea was applied to a designated well on a 96-well plate and the optical density at 492 nm (OD492) was measured using the Anthos 2001 microplate reader.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
The corneas were retained after testing for possible conduct of histopathology. Each cornea was placed into a pre-labeled tissue cassette fitted with a histology sponge to protect the endothelial surface. The cassette was immersed in 10% neutral buffered formalin.
SCORING SYSTEM: In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS):
IVIS = mean opacity value + (15 x mean OD492 value)
DECISION CRITERIA:
IVIS ≤ 3; Classification:No category. Not requiring classification to UN GHS or EU CLP
3 < IVIS ≤ 55 Classification: No prediction of eye irritation can be made
IVIS > 55 Classification: Category 1. UN GHS or EU CLP Causes serious eye damage
EVALUATION OF RESULTS
Results from the two test method endpoints, opacity and permeability, were combined in an empirically derived formula to generate an In Vitro Irritancy Score.
- Opacity Measurement
The change in opacity for each cornea (including the negative control) was calculated by subtracting the initial opacity reading from the final opacity reading. These values were then corrected by subtracting the average change in opacity observed for the negative control corneas. The mean opacity value of each treatment group was then calculated by averaging the corrected opacity values of each cornea for that treatment group.
- Permeability Measurement
The corrected OD492 was calculated by subtracting the mean OD492 of the negative control corneas from the OD492 value of each treated cornea. The OD492 value of each treatment group was calculated by averaging the corrected OD492 values of the treated corneas for the treatment group.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control: the test was acceptable if the negative control produced an In Vitro Irritancy Score which is less than or equal to the upper limit for background opacity and permeability values during 2013 for bovine corneas treated with the respective negative control. When testing solids the negative control range for opacity should be ≤ 4.7 and for permeability ≤ 0.085.
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control: the test was acceptable if the positive control produced an In Vitro Irritancy Score which fell within two standard deviations of the historical mean collated during 2013 for this testing facility. Therefore the In Vitro Irritancy Score should fall within the range of 73.8 - 103.6.
Results and discussion
In vitro
Results
- Irritation parameter:
- in vitro irritation score
- Run / experiment:
- test item
- Value:
- ca. 25.2
- Vehicle controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks:
- see negative control
- Negative controls validity:
- valid
- Positive controls validity:
- valid
- Remarks on result:
- other: mean of 3 replicates
- Other effects / acceptance of results:
- RESULTS:
In vitro irritancy score for test item was 25.2%.
OTHER EFFECTS:
- Visible damage on test system: The corneas treated with the test item were cloudy post treatment. The corneas treated with the negative control item were clear post treatment. The corneas treated with the positive control item were cloudy post treatment.
ACCEPTANCE OF RESULTS:
- Acceptance criteria met for negative control: the test was acceptable if the negative control produced an In Vitro Irritancy Score which is less than or equal to the upper limit for background opacity and permeability values during 2013 for bovine corneas treated with the respective negative control. When testing solids the negative control range for opacity should be ≤ 4.7 and for permeability ≤ 0.085. Mean opacity of negative control = 2.9 ≤ 4.7 and mean permeability of negative control = 0.058 ≤ 0.085. The negative control acceptance criterion was therefore satisfied.
- Acceptance criteria met for positive control: the test was acceptable if the positive control produced an In Vitro Irritancy Score which fell within two standard deviations of the historical mean collated during 2013 for this testing facility. Therefore the In Vitro Irritancy Score should fall within the range of 73.8 - 103.6. Mean IVIS positive control = 75.0 inside 73.8 - 103.6. The positive control acceptance criterion was therefore satisfied.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Results
Treatment |
Cornea Number |
Opacity |
Permeability(OD) |
IVIS |
||||
Pre-Treatment |
Post-Treatment |
Post-Treatment-Pre-treatment |
Corrected value |
|
Corrected value |
|||
Negative Control |
10 |
2 |
5 |
3 |
|
0.046 |
|
|
11 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
|
0.071 |
|
|
|
12 |
2 |
4 |
2 |
|
0.058 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2.0 (mean) |
|
0.058 (mean) |
|
2.9 |
|
Positive Control |
1 |
3 |
51 |
48 |
46.0 |
1.558 |
1.500 |
|
2 |
1 |
60 |
59 |
57.0 |
1.224 |
1.166 |
|
|
3 |
3 |
68 |
65 |
63.0 |
1.322 |
1.264 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
55.3(mean) |
|
1.310 (mean) |
75.0 |
|
Test item |
7 |
1 |
26 |
25 |
23.0 |
0.177 |
0.119 |
|
8 |
1 |
21 |
20 |
18.0 |
0.337 |
0.279 |
|
|
9 |
1 |
29 |
28 |
26.0 |
0.236 |
0.178 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
22.3(mean) |
|
0.192 (mean) |
25.2 |
Corneal epithelium condition
Treatment |
Cornea number |
Observation |
Post treatment |
||
Negative control |
10 |
clear |
11 |
clear |
|
12 |
clear |
|
Positive control |
1 |
cloudy |
2 |
cloudy |
|
3 |
cloudy |
|
Test item |
7 |
cloudy |
8 |
cloudy |
|
9 |
cloudy |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- study cannot be used for classification
- Remarks:
- The study can use as WoE with other studies to classification purpose.
- Conclusions:
- Based on the result of the test no prediction of eye irritation can be made (IVIS test item: 25.2).
The results of this study have identified the test item as not causing serious eye damage, but they do not permit conclusion that the test item does not require classification for eye irritation. - Executive summary:
The purpose of this test was to identify test items that can induce serious eye damage and to identify test items not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage. The Bovine Corneal Opacity and Permeability (BCOP) test method is an organotypic model that provides short-term maintenance of normal physiological and bioitem function of the bovine cornea in vitro. In this test method, damage by the test item is assessed by quantitative measurements of changes in corneal opacity and permeability.
The test method can correctly identify test items (both chemicals and mixtures) inducing serious eye damage as well as those not requiring classification for eye irritation or serious eye damage, as defined by the United Nations (UN) Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Items (GHS), and it was therefore endorsed as scientifically valid for both purposes. Test items inducing serious eye damage are classified as UN GHS Category 1. Items not classified for eye irritation or serious eye damage are defined as those that do not meet the requirements for classification as UN GHS Category 1 or 2 (2A or 2B), i.e. they are referred to as UN GHS No Category.
Method
The test item was applied at a concentration of 20% w/v in 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solution for 240 minutes. Negative and positive control items were tested concurrently. The two endpoints, decreased light transmission through the cornea (opacity) and increased passage of sodium fluorescein dye through the cornea (permeability) were combined in an empirically derived formula to generate an In Vitro Irritancy Score (IVIS).
Interpretation
The test item is classified according to the prediction model below:
IVIS ≤ 3; Classification: No category. Not requiring classification to UN GHS or EU CLP
3 < IVIS ≤ 55 Classification: No prediction of eye irritation can be made
IVIS > 55 Classification: Category 1. UN GHS or EU CLP Causes serious eye damage
Results
Test item: IVIS = 25.2
Negative control: IVIS = 2.9
Positive control: IVIS = 75.0
Conclusion
No prediction of eye irritation can be made.
The results of this study have identified the test item as not causing serious eye damage, but they do not permit conclusion that the test item does not require classification for eye irritation.
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