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EC number: 939-273-4 | CAS number: -
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Non bioaccumuative
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Bioaccumulation potential:
- no bioaccumulation potential
Additional information
- Physical-chemical properties
- Experimental data of toxicological tests
INTRODUCTION
According to the Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH), annex VIII, assessment of the toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution of the substance is performed to the extent it can be derived from the relevant available information.
In the case of Paraffin waxes and Hydrocarbon waxes C14-17, chloro, sulfochlorinated, low sulphonated, saponified, specific studies, nor specific literature data on toxicokinetics and metabolism are available. Nevertheless the substance resulted non-toxic for acute and repeated human toxicity, but some effects have been observed at 30 mg/kg bw on rats and for daphnia at very low concentration. Furthermore the substance is classified as irritant for skin and eye and skin sensitizer. No concern about mutagenicity , carcinogenicity or reproduction system is evident from performed tests.
Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution of the substance was evaluated considering:
Literature data in general were also evaluated for completeness sake.
PHYSICO/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
The substance, physically a paste, but sold already in liquid form, is a typical high molecular weight surfactant, not formally soluble in water, but dispersible in stable micelles, as measured by TOC during water solubility test. The affinity for non polar phase seems low, therefore it can be treated biologically as an hydrophilic substance and no potential for bioaccumulation is expected.
SUMMARY OF TOXICOLOGICAL DATA
Acute Toxicity
In all of the acute toxicity tests (oral and dermal) no signs of systemic toxicity was recorded and no abnormalities were noted. No gross organ changes were observed . At necropsy In the remaining animal of the main study, swollen abdomen was noted and at the internal examination, gas content and swelling were observed in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and colon. During dermal toxicity test, clinical signs recorded during the observation period were limited to the treatment site, in which redness (from marked to slight) and/or scabs were generally observed during the study.
Skin/eye irritation
The test substance has been tested only in vitro, but results seem consistent and lead to classification both for skin and eye. Furthermore, during dermal acute toxicity test the same irritating effect and the complete recovery has been noted
Sensitisation
LLNA test has been performed with positive results. Again the irritation potential has been confirmed.
Clinical signs recorded during the observation period were limited to the treatment site, in which redness (from marked to slight) and/or scabs were generally observed during the study.
Repeated dose toxicity
During the repeated dose oral toxicity test (30, 180 and 500 mg/Kg bw) no clinical signs related to treatment were observed.Treatment-related findings were seen in the stomach of the high and intermediate dosed groups of both sexes, and in the liver of the male high and intermediate dosed animals, and in the females of all treated groups.
Stomach (non-glandular): the treatment-related changes, seen in the non-glandular stomach of the high and intermediate dosed groups of both sexes, were generally dose-related in incidence and/or severity, and consisted of mild to moderate diffused hyperplasia of the squamous epithelium, which was associated with mild thickening (i.e., hyperkerathosis) of the keratin layer. Sporadically, subchronic inflammation of the submucosa and focal erosion were also noted. No other organs seem affected by the treatment.
Mutagenesis
All tests present the same results: no traces of mutagenicity and no significant cytotoxicity.
Reproduction
No effects on reproductive organs and fertility index have been reported during OECD 422 on rats and the faetus seem completely developed at all doses.
TOXICOKINETICS, METABOLISM AND DISTRIBUTION EVALUATION
The gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory system and the skin are the most important natural routes by which toxic substances usually enter an organism and are organized in different ways. After a substance has been absorbed, it is distributed throughout the body via the bloodstream.
A characteristic of biological membranes is that due to their lipid nature, they are readily permeable to lipophilic (= hydrophobic) substances; however is not to be forget that hydrophilic compounds can also pass biological membranes, albeit at a much lower rate than lipophilic substances.
The available literature is usually focused on the sulphited functionality and can be applied also in this case:
Primary n-alkanesulfonates are metabolised to bisulfite and the corresponding aldehyde (Thysse and Wanders, 1972; Schöberl and Bock, 1980). The metabolic pathway of SAS is not fully investigated. Thysse and Wanders (1974) isolated an alkane sulfonate hydroxylase which was able to desulfonate n-C12-SAS forming 2-Dodecanone. Swisher (1987) suggested that the first step in metabolism is the formation of a ketobisulfite, which forms the ketone and bisulfite. The ketone may be further oxidized to an alkylacetate ester. Ester cleavage yields acetate and an alcohol which is further metabolised via ß-oxidation. Based on this metabolic pathway, the formation of recalcitrant metabolites is unlikely. This was also proven experimentally in a special test for the detection of recalcitrant metabolites (Gerike and Jasiak, 1985, 1986).
Salts of strong acids like sulfonates are known to be poorly absorbed into living cells because the charged species are hindered to cross membranes (Boethling & Mackay, 2000). Bioconcentration studies with radiolabelled homologues of the surfactant Linear Alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) gave BCF values allowing calculation of an average BCF= 66 L/kg (HERA, 2002b).
The absorption behaviour of charged species is taken into account by the QSAR calculation programme BCFWin from US EPA (US EPA, 2000d) which uses different Kow dependent equations for ionic compounds. As for SAS no measured BCF values are available a QSAR approach was used and applied to 8-Hexadecansulfonic acid sodium salt (C16-SAS)
The pharmacokinetics of chloroparaffins has been investigated with 14 C-labelled (both terminal [1-14C] and uniform label) and with 36Cl-labelled substances administered orally or by intravenous injection to rodents and quails. Metabolic studies have revealed dechlorination and oxidative chain length reduction but the mechanisms have not yet been investigated (Darnerud, P., J. Brandt: Environm. Pollut. (Series A) 27, 45 (1982))].
After oral administration to rats, the half life for short chain paraffins C14 –C17 with 52% chlorine was given as less than one week in the liver and 8 weeks in adipose tissue. Repeated administration did not lead to accumulation (Birtley, R., D. Conning, J. Daniel, D. Ferguson, E. Longstaff, A. Swan: Toxicol. appl. Pharmacol. 54,514 (1980)). Chloroparaffins are not completely absorbed from the digestive tract; the less chlorinated substances are better absorbed than those with high chlorine content. The accumulation of short chain chloroparaffins in organs and tissues with high metabolic activity (liver, kidney, intestinal mucosa, bone marrow, pancreas and salivary glands) after intravenous or oral administration to rats or quails is also inversely proportional to the chlorine content [Darnerud, P. O., A. Biessmann, J. Brandt: Arch. Toxicol. 50, 217 (1982)].
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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