Registration Dossier
Registration Dossier
Data platform availability banner - registered substances factsheets
Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
Use of this information is subject to copyright laws and may require the permission of the owner of the information, as described in the ECHA Legal Notice.
EC number: 242-522-3 | CAS number: 18718-11-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_environmental-fate-and-pathways.png)
Adsorption / desorption
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
Kp- freshwater suspended particulate matter (SPM)
Reported Kp-values between water and suspended particulate matter range
from 692 to 309,030 l/kg (Log Kp: 2.84-5.49). The data are extracted from studies reporting
water/suspended matter partitioning coefficients for the Netherlands, UK, France, Czech Republic, and Italy.
Reported log Kp, suspended particulate matter (SPM) values for Ni in freshwater surface waters in Europe
Location |
Log Kp(l/kg) |
Remarks |
Reference |
Four Dutch lakes Dintel Lake Hollandsch Diep Lake Volkerak Lake Zoom |
3.91 4.20 3.98 3.94
|
Median Median Median Median
|
Koelmans and Radovanovic 1998
|
Trent river, UK Upper Swale river, UK
|
3.8 4.9
|
Modelled value Modelled value |
Tipping et al.1998
|
Calder river, UK Nidd river, UK Swale river, UK Trent river, UK
|
4.00 - 5.09 3.69 - 5.32 4.24 - 5.49 2.84 - 4.45
|
min-max range min-max range min-max min-max range
|
Lofts and Tipping 2000
|
Rhône, France |
4.51 |
NA |
Elbaz-Poulichet et al.1996 |
Humber river, UK |
3.8 |
NA |
Comber et al.(1995; in Tipping et al., 1998)
|
Po river, Italy |
4.87 |
median value |
Pettine et al., 1994
|
Czech lakes (n=119) |
4.26 |
Median value |
Veselý et al., 2001 |
Conwy river, UK |
4.33 |
NA |
Zhou et al., 2003
|
Scheldt(salinity: 1.5 g/L) |
3.9 |
Single value |
Nolting et al., 1999
|
Tweed – Teviot Tweed – Boleside Tweed – Norham Wear Swale – Catterick Swale –Manor Nidd Ure Ouse – Ouse – Acaster Derwent Wharf Aire Calder Don Trent Great Ouse Thames
|
4.26 4.55 4.36 4.74 4.96 4.78 4.65 4.72 4.69 4.64 4.95 4.80 4.38 4.53 4.15 3.93 4.29 4.33
|
median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value median value
|
Neal and Robson, 2000
|
Dutch freshwater |
3.90 |
mean |
Crommentuijn et al., 1997
|
RANGE |
2.84 – 5.49
|
|
|
The partitioning coefficients between water and SPM was fitted to a cumulative distribution function (CDF) (Heijerick and P. Van Sprang, 2004; European Nickel Risk Assessment). The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the CDF were selected as final suspended solids partitioning coefficients for the local/regional exposure analysis:
Kpsusp = 26,303 l/kg (log Kp susp= 4.42 l/kg) (50th percentile)
Kpsusp,min = 5,754 (log Kpsusp min = 3.76 l/kg) (10th percentile)
Kpsusp,max = 117,490 (log Kp susp max = 5.07 l/kg) (90th percentile)
The 50th percentile value of the distribution function represents a typical suspended matter partition coefficient for EU waters and will be used for the derivation of local and typical regional.
Kp-freshwater sediment
Reported Kp-values between water and sediment are presented in the first table below (data extracted from studies reporting water/sediment partitioning coefficients for theand) and in the second table below (river sediment data compiled by Gunn et al., 1992). The Kp values reported by Gunn et al. (1992) represent the individual or mean value of British - German rivers. Individual data that were used for the determination of mean data were not reported. The observed values range from 770 to 24,300 l/kg (Log Kp: 2.89-4.39).
Overview of Kp-values on sediment
Water body, location |
log Kp l/kg |
Remarks |
Reference
|
Mersey river, |
3.71 |
Modelled value |
Turneret al.2002
|
Dutch freshwater |
3.72 |
Modelled value |
Stortelderet al. 1989; in Crommentuynet al. 1997
|
Dutch freshwaters: Nieuwe Merwede Rijn - Hagestijn Nieuwe Waterweg Oude Maas Waal Rijn – Lobith Ketelmeer Maas- Eijsden Ijsselmeer Haringvliet
|
3.79 3.86 3.88 3.88 3.89 3.92 3.96 4.04 4.06 4.34
|
Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value Mean value
|
Van Der Kooijet al.1991
|
Range |
3.71-4.34
|
|
|
Mean Kp values for nickel in river sediments (Gunn et al. 1992)
Site – river / estuarine sediments |
Number of measurements
|
Mean Kp value l/kg
|
Log Kp sed |
Reference
|
Trent (Althorpe) |
3 |
2750 |
3.44 |
Comberet al. 1995
|
Mersey(Howley weir) |
1 |
7690 |
3.89 |
Comberet al. 1995
|
Rhine (Lauterbourg, Fr/Ger border) |
8 |
24300 |
4.39 |
Kernet al.1998* |
Ythan (Scotland) |
1 |
770 |
2.89 |
Comberet al. 1995
|
Ouse (Selby) |
1 |
1000 |
3.0 |
Comberet al. 1995
|
Mean |
|
7300 |
3.9 |
|
The partitioning coefficients between water and sediment were fitted to a cumulative distribution function (CDF) (Heijerick and P. Van Sprang, 2004; European Nickel Risk Assessment). The 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles of the CDF were selected as final sediment partitioning coefficients for the local/regional exposure analysis:
Kpsed = 7,079 l/kg (log Kpsed = 3.85) (50th percentile)
Kpsed, min = 2,138 l/kg (log Kpsed min = 3.33) (10th percentile)
Kpsed, max = 16,982 l/kg (log Kpsed max = 4.23) (90th percentile)
The 50th percentile value of the distribution function represents a typical suspended matter
partition coefficient for EU waters and will be used for the derivation of local and typical
regional.
It should be noted that the distribution in the above tables is based on data that, with the exception of one value, only represent surface waters located in The Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The representativity of this distribution for the general case is evaluated using the distribution functions of ambient Ni-concentrations in water and sediments that were generated using extensive EU-monitoring data sets (European Union Nickel Risk Assessment, 2008/2009). Based on the 5th/95th, 50th/50th, and 95th/5th percentiles of the distributions of Ni in water/sediment, respectively, a range of theoretical Kp-values was defined, with a median log Kp of 4.07 and an estimated 10/90th percentile range of 3.62-4.56. These percentiles are in line with the values given and indicate that the natural variability of Kp sediment is well covered in this distribution. Studies conducted after the completion of the EU RA were not included in this analysis. Data and analysis from the conclusion i) sediment program will be included after the evaluation and subsequent discussions are completed by DEPA.
Kp-Marine (SPM and Sediment)
Marine partitioning coefficients for sediment and SPM are based on the study by Stuer-Lauridsen et al (1996). The following table represents the data used to derive the marine partitioning coefficients:
Partitioning coefficients Kp in Danish brackish coastal water:
Location (1995) |
Sediment |
Suspended matter |
Total water |
Filtrate |
Porewater |
Sediment/total water |
SPM/filtrate |
Sediment/ porewater |
Mg Ni/Kg dw |
Mg Ni/kg dw |
ug Ni/L |
ug Ni/L |
ug Ni/L |
Kp, l/kg |
Kp, l/kg |
Kp, l/kg |
|
Roskildefjord l |
16.40 |
2.97 |
0.52 |
0.79 |
26.47 |
15710 |
3070 |
620 |
Roskildefjord ll |
15.80 |
5.60 |
0.66 |
0.45 |
2.04 |
23910 |
8840 |
7680 |
Øresund
|
18.07 |
7.40 |
2.56 |
1.06 |
0.53 |
7070 |
6960 |
34260 |
Mean |
|
|
|
|
|
15563 (log 4.2) |
6290 (log 3.8) |
14190 (log 4.2) |
In Danish coastal waters (Table above) three locations Kpsusp ranged 3070 to
8840 l/kg with a mean value 6290, i.e. logKpsusp.marin3.8.
In the Danish study on coastal water, the range from three locations had Kd values from 7070 to
23910 l/kg with the average 15560 (Table above), i.e. logKpsed.marin4.2
Kp- aquatic to STP:
Partitioning coefficients for aquatic to STP are based on the studies by Moriyama et al. (1998), Comber and Gunn (1992, 1994) and Gould and Genetelli (1992). The table below represents the data used to derive the aquatic to STP partitioning coefficient of LogKp= 3.4
Partition coefficients Kp for STP:
STP |
Coefficient |
Range, l/kg |
Value, l/kg |
Log value |
Reference |
Kprs |
solids-water in raw sewage sludge (m3/m3) |
1720 – 2569 |
2333 *** |
3.4 |
Moriyamaet al.1989, Comber and Gunn 1994 |
Kpa |
solids-water in activated sewage sludge (m3/m3) |
126 – 1259 453 – 1935 |
1000 |
3 |
Gould and Genetelli 1982 Comber and Gunn 1992 |
*** No published data available om Kp for raw sewage – data obtained from combination of total Ni in raw sewage and Ni in faeces, assuming 100 mg/l SS
Nickel removal rates used for determining the STP removal parameter were limited to those reported after 2000 because removal rates increased with time for Denmark and the Netherlands. Ni removal rates in sewage treatment plants from recent years (2000-2002) are situated between 41% (DEPA, 2002) and 50% (CBS, 2004). Based on the available data, the value 40% removal represents a reasonable worst case removal of Ni in STP in the EU.
Kp- Soil:
The variation observed in the American log Kp soil values may relate to the variation in pH values. The log Kp average was 2.08 in 11 soils with a pH range 4.3 to 4.85 (Buchter et al 1989) whereas the log Kp average was 0.77 in 15 soil with a pH range 4.2 to 6.5 (King 1988). Anderson et al. (1988) reported log Kp values in spiked Danish agricultural soils varying between 1.0 and 3.0. As the equilibration times in the Buchter et al. (1989) and King (1988) studies were relatively short, the studies performed by Janssen et al. (1997), De Groot et al. (1998) and Sauvé et al. (2000), describing field-derived partitioning coefficients, are more relevant to the risk assessment. The Janssen et al. (1997) study on 20 contaminated Dutch soils found a median value log Kp 3.17. This value is close to the log Kp value of 2.86 (Aqua regia digestion) found by De Groot et al. (1998). Sauvé et al. (2000) reported a median log Kp value of 3.37 for a wide range of soil types. However, since it is clear that the Kd levels derived in this study are high compared to other studies and it is unclear what type of extraction techniques exactly are used, it is assumed that stronger digestion methods such as HF extraction or X-ray fluorescence -determining the metal fraction built into the crystal structure of the soil minerals, and hence not relevant for RA purposes- may be incorporated in these results.As the De Groot et al. (1998) study covered 46 European soils, although mainly Dutch soils, and aqua regia extraction was used as digestion method, this value is preferred for the risk assessment. The partition coefficient determined by aqua regia extraction is selected since for environmental purposes, the absolutely maximum fraction that may be released in time-determined through aqua regia digestion- is of interest (FOREGS Geochemical Baseline Programme – Analytical Manual, 2001). This digestion method is harmonised as an International Standard (ISO 11466) and is applied in most EU-countries. This extraction method is also applied in the ongoing scientific research program on Ni toxicity and bioavailability in soils. The log Kpsoil of 2.86 (Aqua regia extraction) is used as input value for the exposure modelling,
i.e.log Kpsoil 2.86
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
![ECHA](/o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/echa_logo.png)