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EC number: 233-331-6 | CAS number: 10124-36-4
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Epidemiological data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- epidemiological data
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From 1940 to 1982
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- All selected studies were evaluated with a check-list relating to population, exposure, endpoints, biases and confounders. Used check-list are established by Professor Philippe Hotz from the Institut für Sozial- und Präventivmedizin der Universität Zürich (EU RA 2008).
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Lung cancer mortality in a cohort of workers employed at a cadmium recovery plant in the United States: an analysis with detailed job histories
- Author:
- Sorahan T and Lancashire R
- Year:
- 1 997
- Bibliographic source:
- Occup. Environ. Med. 54: 194-201
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- cohort study (prospective)
- Endpoint addressed:
- carcinogenicity
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Epidemiological study was conducted to determine the association between the risk of cancer and occupational cadmium exposure.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cadmium sulphate
- EC Number:
- 233-331-6
- EC Name:
- Cadmium sulphate
- Cas Number:
- 10124-36-4
- Molecular formula:
- CdSO4
- IUPAC Name:
- cadmium sulphate
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Cadmium sulphate
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- HYPOTHESIS TESTED (if cohort or case control study): Association between the risk of cancer and occupational cadmium exposure
STUDY POPULATION
E: 571 (M only)
S: ”employed for at least 6 months as plant production workers between 1940 and 1969 and first employed after 1.1.1926”
Lost cases: N.I. - Exposure assessment:
- measured
- Details on exposure:
- Exposure levels and categories:
air Cd levels, 1943-1976; personal sampling: 1973-1976
quantitative cumulative exposure (job histories)
< 400
400 – 999
1,000- 1,999
≥ 2,000
(mg Cd.days/m³) - Statistical methods:
- no information
Results and discussion
- Results:
- Lung cancer (o/e) :
< 400 mg Cd.days/m³: 6/N.I.
400 – 999 mg Cd.days/m³: 6/N.I.
1,000- 1,999 mg Cd.days/m³: 4/N.I.
≥ 2,000 mg Cd.days/m³: 5/N.I.
SMR (95% CI) lung:
< 400 mg Cd.days/m³: 100
400 – 999 mg Cd.days/m³: 225 (72-702)
1,000- 1,999 mg Cd.days/m³: 341 (66-872)
≥ 2,000 mg Cd.days/m³: 413 (121-1403)*
trend: 156( 1.06-2.28)*
*p<0.05
→ Significant positive trend between cumulative exposure to Cd and risks of mortality from lung cancer only in the presence of concomittant exposure to As - Confounding factors:
- Considered confounding factors:
- Smoking: no
- Other simultaneous exposures: CdO fumes & dust, CdSO4, CdS, arsenic - Strengths and weaknesses:
- Weakness:
- Data on smoking habits were not available for the entire cohort and available data on smoking were not incorporated into the analysis.
- The lack of independent evidence of the reliability of the individual estimates of cumulative exposure to cadmium (no evidence was provided by a comparison of these estimates with in vivo measurements of cadmium in liver, for example).
- The non-availability of follow-up for the workers employed before 1940. One may conceive that only a small proportion of these employees first employed in the 1920s appear in the cohort as defined in 1997.
Any other information on results incl. tables
A significant positive trend was found for risk of lung cancer and cumulative exposure to cadmium in the presence of high exposure to arsenic only.
N |
Cancer of lung |
||
Cumulative exposure to cadmium (mg-days/m³) |
observed/expected |
SMR |
95% CI |
Department with high cadmium and high arsenic exposures (excluding arsenic departments) |
|||
<200 200-499 500-999 ≥1000 Evaluation of trend |
11/N.I. 2/N.I. 2/N.I. 6/N.I.
|
1.0 0.81 1.83 4.02*
1.54* |
0.17- 3.82 0.36- 9.39 1.34- 12.03* 1.06-2.23* |
Departments with high cadmium and minimal or no arsenic exposure |
|||
<200 200-499 500-999 ≥ 1000 Evaluation of trend |
13/N.I. 4/N.I. 2/N.I. 2/N.I.
|
1.0 1.68 1.30 2.68
1.26 |
0.48-5.90 0.26-6.59 0.54-13.36 0.80-2.00
0.80-2.00 |
*: p<0.05
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Hypotheses which are consistent with the study findings include: (a) cadmium oxide in the presence of arsenic trioxide is a human lung carcinogen, (b) cadmium oxide and arsenic trioxide are human lung carcinogens and cadmium sulphate and cadmium sulphide are not (or they are less potent carcinogens), or (c) arsenic trioxide is a human lung carcinogen and cadmium oxide, cadmium sulphate, and cadmium sulphide are not. There were only 21 deaths from lung cancer available for this analysis and it is impossible to gauge which, if any, of these hypotheses are correct.
- Executive summary:
A study was conducted to identify and measure any relations between occupational exposure to cadmium compounds (oxide, sulphide, and sulphate) and the risk of mortality from lung cancer.
Analysis was restricted to 571 male workers first employed after 1 January 1926 and employed for at least six months between 1940 and 1969. Individual estimates of cumulative exposures to cadmium were re-assessed and the potentially confounding role of an exposure to arsenic was again thoroughly evaluated.
A significant positive trend between cumulative exposure to cadmium (<400, 400-999, 1000-1999, ≥ 2000 mg.m-3.days) and risks of mortality from lung cancer was found. A significant positive trend was found for risk of lung cancer and cumulative exposure to cadmium in the presence of high exposure to arsenic but not for cumulative exposure to cadmium received in the absence of high exposure to arsenic.
Hypotheses which are consistent with the study findings include: (a) cadmium oxide in the presence of arsenic trioxide is a human lung carcinogen, (b) cadmium oxide and arsenic trioxide are human lung carcinogens and cadmium sulphate and cadmium sulphide are not (or they are less potent carcinogens), or (c) arsenic trioxide is a human lung carcinogen and cadmium oxide, cadmium sulphate, and cadmium sulphide are not. There were only 21 deaths from lung cancer available for this analysis and it is impossible to gauge which, if any, of these hypotheses are correct.
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