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EC number: 405-800-7 | CAS number: 27955-94-8 THPE; TRIS(P-HYDROXYPHENYL)ETHANE; TRIS(PARA-HYDROXYPHENYL)ETHANE
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Biodegradation in water: screening tests
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: ready biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 301 D (Ready Biodegradability: Closed Bottle Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to the test guidelines in effect at the time of study conduct.
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- EU Method C.6 (Degradation: Chemical Oxygen Demand)
- Deviations:
- no
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted according to the test guidelines in effect at the time of study conduct.
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, non-adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): The aeration stage of the HRC Limited sewage treatment plant treating predominantly domestic sewage
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: The sample was allowed to settle and the supernatant filtered through Whatman GFA filter paper (first 250 mL discarded).
- Pretreatment: not reported
- Concentration of sludge: One drop of activated sludge filtrate per liter
- Initial cell/biomass concentration: not reported - Duration of test (contact time):
- 0 - 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 2 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- O2 consumption
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium:
Standard nutrient medium
Solution 1
8.5 g/L KH2PO4
21.75 g/L K2HPO4
33.3 g/L Na2HPO4.2H2O
1.7 g/L NH4Cl
Solution 2
22,5 g/L MgSO4.7H2O
Solution 3
27.5 g/L CaCl2
Solution 4
0.25 g/L FeCl3.6H2O
1 mL of each of solutions 1-4 was added to each liter of aerated reverse osmosis purified and deionized water. The "dilution water" was left at room temperature (approximately 20ºC), under gentle agitation, for 24 hours prior to use.
- Solubilising agent (type and concentration if used):
The test substance was dissolved in diethyl ether to give a stock solution of 560 mg/10 mL. Six 10 µL aliquots of stock solution were placed on Whatman GFA paper and the solvent allowed to evaporate to dryness. One piece of paper was placed in each test bottle prior to filling with inoculated medium. Filter paper blanks were prepared in the same matter using solvent only.
- Test temperature: 20 ± 1ºC
- pH: not reported
- pH adjusted: not reported
- CEC (meq/100 g): not reported
- Aeration of dilution water: gently agitated for 24 hours before use
- Suspended solids concentration: not reported
- Continuous darkness: yes
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 280 mL BOD bottles (darkened glass) with ground glass stoppers
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 2
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: BOD bottles were filled, by siphon, and firmly stoppered to exclude all air bubbles.
- Measuring equipment: Yellow Springs BOD Probe (Model 54)
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: 0, 5, 15, and 28 days
- Sampling method: Dissolved oxygen concentrations by means of a Yellow Springs BOD Probe (Model 54).
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: yes
- Other: non-inoculated dilution water
-Other: inoculated dilution water and filter paper - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Remarks:
- 3 mg/L
- Reference substance:
- aniline
- Remarks:
- 2 mg/L
- Parameter:
- % degradation (O2 consumption)
- Value:
- 8
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: Not readily biodegradable
- Details on results:
- Dissolved oxygen measurements for the test substance and standard substance solutions, together with the inoculated and non-inoculated blank controls, at 0, 5, 15, and 28 days are given in Table 1. Mean oxygen depletion values and percentage degradation values (% of ThOD NO3) are given in Table 2 below.
- Results with reference substance:
- Sodium benzoate attained 93% biodegradation within 28 days. Aniline attained 66% biodegradation within 28 days.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- not readily biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of this study, the test substance cannot be termed as readily biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
The test substance was assessed for ready biodegradability using the closed bottle test according to OECD Guideline No. 301D and EEC Directive 67/548 Annex V C.6. Incubations were performed with activated sludge, and dissolved oxygen was measured at 0, 5, 15, and 28 days. Both inoculated and non-inoculated blank controls were used, and sodium benzoate and aniline were used as reference substances. The test substance attained only 8% biodegradation after 28 days and cannot, therefore, be termed as readily biodegradable. Sodium benzoate and aniline attained 93% and 66% biodegradation, respectively, within 28 days. Oxygen depletion in the inoculated and non-inoculated control series were essentially within the prescribed limits. The limit was slightly exceeded in the non-inoculated dilution water on Day 28, but this is not considered to have a significant influence on the results or conclusions of the test.
- Endpoint:
- biodegradation in water: inherent biodegradability
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- comparable to guideline study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 301 B (Ready Biodegradability: CO2 Evolution Test), except that the activated sludge was preadapted for 14 days with the substance to assess inherent biodegradation.
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Modified to include a pre-adaptation phase, rendering the study as an inherent biodegradation test
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EU Method C.4-C (Determination of the "Ready" Biodegradability - Carbon Dioxide Evolution Test) except that the activated sludge was preadapted for 14 days with the substance to assess inherent biodegradation.
- Deviations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- Modified to include a pre-adaptation phase, rendering the study as an inherent biodegradation test
- GLP compliance:
- yes
- Oxygen conditions:
- aerobic
- Inoculum or test system:
- activated sludge, domestic, adapted
- Details on inoculum:
- - Source of inoculum/activated sludge (e.g. location, sampling depth, contamination history, procedure): The aeration stage of the Anglian Water sewage treatment plant, Godmanchester, treating predominantly domestic sewage
- Preparation of inoculum for exposure: The pre-adapted inoculum was thoroughly washed using nutrient media. A sub-sample of approximately 500 mL was homogenised for 2 minutes with a mechanical blender, allowed to settle for 30 minutes and the supernatant decanted to provide the inoculum for both test and control cultures.
- Pretreatment: An activated sewage sludge sample was pre-adapted to the test substance under aerobic conditions at room temperature for 14 days before study start. Three times per week, the activated sewage sludge was allowed to settle for 30 minutes and 1 litre of the supernatant decanted from the initial 2 litre volume. The sludge was then topped up with 50 mL of synthetic sewage and 950 mL of a saturated solution of the test substance (nominal concentration 50 mg/L, previously prepared by stirring in deionised water for 48 hours). - Duration of test (contact time):
- 28 d
- Initial conc.:
- 20 mg/L
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Parameter followed for biodegradation estimation:
- CO2 evolution
- Details on study design:
- TEST CONDITIONS
- Composition of medium:
Standard nutrient medium
Solution (a):
8.50 g/L KH2PO4
21.75 g/L K2HPO4
33.40 g/L Na2HPO4.2H2O
0.50 g/L NH4Cl
Solution (b):
27.50 g/L CaCl2 (or 36.40 g/L CaCl2.2H2O)
Solution (c):
22.50 g/L MgSO4.7H2O
Solution (d):
0.25 g/L FeCl3.6H2O (If stored, one drop of conc. HCl is added per litre of stock solution)
10 mL of solution (a) was mixed with 800 mL of reverse osmosis-purified water, 1 mL each of solutions (b-d) were added and the volume made up to 1 litre.
- Test temperature: 22 ± 2ºC
- pH: Solution (a) pH = 7.4
- pH adjusted: no
- Aeration of dilution water: Reverse osmosis-purified water was aerated vigorously for approximately 20 minutes and allowed to stand with only gentle large-bubble aeration for about 20 hours at approximately 20ºC to give a dissolved oxygen concentration of approximately 9 mg O2/L.
- Suspended solids concentration: not reported
- Continuous darkness: yes
TEST SYSTEM
- Culturing apparatus: 5 litre fermentation vessels
- Number of culture flasks/concentration: 2
- Method used to create aerobic conditions: Cultures were continuously mixed by magnetic stirrer and aerated with CO2-free air via sintered glass airstone at the rate of approximately 10 mL/min.
- Measuring equipment: Inorganic Carbon channel of an Ionics TC/TOC Analyser Model 555 incorporating a Horriba PIR-2000 infrared gas analyser with purified nitrogen as the carrier gas regulated to 50 psi at a flow rate of 100 cc/min.
- Test performed in open system: No; performed in a sealed system that had CO2-free air passed through it
- Details of trap for CO2 and volatile organics if used: 2 x 250 mL Dreschel bottles filled with 200 mL 0.05N NaOH. The CO2 absorbing solutions were prepared using degassed water (ion exchange and reverse osmosis-treated water, boiled for approximately 1 hour and then cooled).
NOTE:
SAMPLING
- Sampling frequency: Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25, and 28
- Sampling method: Air from each culture vessel passed through 2 x 250 mL Dreschel bottles filled with 200 mL 0.05N NaOH. 2 mL samples were taken from the CO2 absorbers.
- Sample storage before analysis: analysis was done on the day of collection except that on Day 28, 1 mL of HCl was added to each culture vessel to halt biodegradation and to drive off any residual CO2 from solution. Aeration was continued for a further 24 hours, and the first and second absorbers sampled on Day 29.
CONTROL AND BLANK SYSTEM
- Inoculum blank: yes - Reference substance:
- benzoic acid, sodium salt
- Parameter:
- % degradation (CO2 evolution)
- Value:
- 0
- Sampling time:
- 28 d
- Remarks on result:
- other: not inherently biodegradable
- Results with reference substance:
- Sodium benzoate attained 63% biodegradation within 28 days, confirming the suitability of the inoculum and the culture conditions.
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Interpretation of results:
- not inherently biodegradable
- Conclusions:
- The test substance attained 0% biodegradation after 28 days and cannot be termed inherently biodegradable.
- Executive summary:
The study was performed to assess the inherent biodegradability of the test substance. The method was based upon the EEC Methods for Determination of Ecotoxicity Annex to Directive 92/69/EEC (O.J. No. L383A, 29.12.92) Part C, Method 4-C "Determination of ready biodegradability, CO2Evolution Test" and OECD Guideline for Testing of Chemicals No. 301 B "Ready Biodegradability: CO2Evolution Test" modified to include a pre-adaption phase rendering the study as an inherent biodegradation test. Closed vessels containing the test substance dispersed in inorganic nutrient medium were inoculated with pre-adapted activated sewage sludge bacteria and the cultures incubated at 22 ± 2ºC for 28 days under continuous aeration with CO2-free air. Carbon dioxide produced in the vessels was trapped by venting the exhaust air through sodium hydroxide solution. On Days 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, 18, 21, 25 and 28, samples were removed from the CO2traps and the concentration of inorganic carbon determined using a carbon analyser. Percentage biodegradation values were calculated by comparing the amount of carbon trapped with the amount of carbon added to the vessel at the start of the study. The test substance attained 0% biodegradation at 20 mg/L after 28 days. Therefore, it may not be termed as inherently biodegradable.
Referenceopen allclose all
Oxygen depletion (28 days): 0.400 mg O2/L
Theoretical oxygen demand (ThOD): 4.82 mgO2/L
Table 1: Dissolved oxygen measurements (mg O2/L)
Culture medium |
Day |
||||
0 |
5 |
15 |
28 |
||
(a) Dilution water without inoculum |
R1 |
8.90 |
8.80 |
8.65 |
8.45 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
8.75 |
8.75 |
8.50 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
8.775 |
8.700 |
8.475 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(b) Dilution water with inoculum |
R1 |
8.90 |
8.75 |
8.60 |
8.40 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
8.70 |
8.60 |
8.45 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
8.725 |
8.600 |
8.425 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(c) Dilution water with inoculum and filter paper |
R1 |
8.90 |
8.55 |
8.55 |
8.35 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
8.75 |
8.65 |
8.40 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
8.650 |
8.600 |
8.375 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(d) Test substance (2 mg/l) plus filter paper |
R1 |
8.90 |
8.60 |
8.20 |
8.00 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
8.45 |
8.15 |
7.95 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
8.525 |
8.175 |
7.975 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(e) Standard substance (3 mg/l) Sodium benzoate |
R1 |
8.90 |
4.95 |
3.95 |
3.75 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
4.90 |
4.05 |
3.80 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
4.925 |
4.000 |
3.775 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
(f) Standard substance (2 mg/l) Aniline plus filter paper |
R1 |
8.90 |
7.20 |
5.25 |
4.40 |
|
R2 |
8.90 |
7.50 |
5.35 |
4.25 |
|
Mean |
8.900 |
7.350 |
5.300 |
4.325 |
R1 & R2 Replicates 1 and 2
Table 2: Mean oxygen depletion and percentage biodegradation values
Culture medium |
Day |
|||
5 |
15 |
28 |
||
(a) Dilution water without inoculum |
O2Depletion (mg O2/L) |
0.125 |
0.200 |
0.425 |
|
|
|
|
|
(b) Dilution water with inoculum |
O2depletion (mg O2/L) |
0.175 |
0.300 |
0.475 |
|
|
|
|
|
(c) Dilution water with inoculum and filter paper |
O2depletion (mg O2/L) |
0.250 |
0.300 |
0.525 |
|
|
|
|
|
(d) Test substance (2 mg/l) plus filter paper |
O2depletion (mg O2/L) |
0.125 |
0.425 |
0.400 |
|
% degradation |
3 |
9 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
(e) Standard substance (3 mg/L) Sodium benzoate |
O2depletion (mg O2/L) |
3.800 |
4.600 |
4.650 |
|
% degradation |
76 |
92 |
93 |
|
|
|
|
|
(f) Standard substance (2 mg/L) Aniline plus filter paper |
O2depletion (mg O2/L) |
1.300 |
3.300 |
4.050 |
|
% degradation |
21 |
53 |
66 |
(i) Test substance
Oxygen depletion = (a – d) – (a – c) from Table 1
(ii) Standard substance (sodium benzoate)
Oxygen depletion = (a – e) – (a – b) from Table 1
(iii) Standard substance (aniline)
Oxygen depletion = (a – f) – (a – c) from Table 1
(iv) Inoculated and non-inoculated dilution water (plus filter paper blank)
Oxygen depletion = initial O2concentration – measured value
(v) % Degradation = Oxygen depletion/(conc. of substance x ThOD NO3) x100
Measured inorganic carbon values (i.e. evolved CO2) from the blank, test, and standard substance cultures are given in Table 1 below. The percent biodegradation values are given in Table 2 below.
Table 1: CO2evolution
Time (days) |
Total carbon trapped (mg) |
|||
Test substance |
Standard substance |
Blank |
||
20 mg/L R1 |
20 mg/L R2 |
28 mg/L |
|
|
4 (1stabsorber) |
2.5 |
2.6 |
19.1 |
1.7 |
7 (1stabsorber) |
3.5 |
4.0 |
28.7 |
3.8 |
11 (1stabsorber) |
5.6 |
3.5 |
29.9 |
4.0 |
14 (1stabsorber) |
4.8 |
4.6 |
40.7 |
8.7 |
18 (1stabsorber) |
7.2 |
5.6 |
45.9 |
17.0 |
21 (1stabsorber) |
8.8 |
7.5 |
44.3 |
11.6 |
25 (1stabsorber) |
9.2 |
9.6 |
45.3 |
12.1 |
28*(1stabsorber) |
8.7 |
8.8 |
37.6 |
10.3 |
28*(2ndabsorber) |
-0.2 |
-0.1 |
3.9 |
0.2 |
*Biodegradation halted on Day 28 and the absorbers sampled on Day 29
R1& R2= Replicates 1 and 2
Table 2: Percent biodegradation
Time (days) |
%Biodegradation |
||
Test substance |
Standard substance |
||
20 mg/L R1 |
20 mg/L R2 |
28 mg/L |
|
4 |
2 |
2 |
36 |
7 |
-1 |
1 |
51 |
11 |
3 |
-1 |
53 |
14 |
-8 |
-9 |
66 |
18 |
-21* |
-24* |
59* |
21 |
-6 |
-9 |
67 |
25 |
-6 |
-5 |
68 |
28 |
-4 |
-4 |
64 |
*Anomalous value due to high blank on Day 18
% Biodegradation = (Ct or Cs– Cb/Tc) x 100
Where Ct= mg carbon trapped (test substance)
Cs= mg carbon trapped (standard substance)
Cb= mg carbon trapped (blank)
Tc= theoretical amount of carbon added to system (i.e. 47.04 mg for the test substance and 48.69 mg for the standard substance)
(Values calculated using non-rounded data)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Biodegradation in water:
- under test conditions no biodegradation observed
Additional information
The substance was not significantly biodegraded in ready or inherent biodegradation studies. In a ready biodegradation test, degradation was 8% after 28 days. In the inherent biodegradation test 0% mineralized in 28 days.
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