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EC number: 276-743-1 | CAS number: 72624-02-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Bioaccumulation: aquatic / sediment
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- bioaccumulation in aquatic species: fish
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Peer-reviewed publication provided sufficient detail of experimental conditins and data to conclude the study was performed according to acceptable guidelines
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Acute Toxicity and Toxicokinetics of 4-Heptylphenol in Juvenile Atlantic Doc (Gadus Morhua L.)
- Author:
- Tollefsen KE, Ingerbrigtsen K, Olsen AJ, Zachariassen, KE & Johnsen S
- Year:
- 1 998
- Bibliographic source:
- Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 17, No. 4, pp 740-746, 1998
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 305 (Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test)
- Deviations:
- not specified
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Phenol, heptyl derivs.
- EC Number:
- 276-743-1
- EC Name:
- Phenol, heptyl derivs.
- Cas Number:
- 72624-02-3
- Molecular formula:
- C13H20O
- IUPAC Name:
- 4-(2-methylhexyl)phenol; 4-heptylphenol
Constituent 1
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
Sampling and analysis
- Details on sampling:
- - At the end of the exposure period (192 h) the fish were transferred to clean seawater for the elimination period (192 h). Quadruple samples of fish and seawater were taken during both phases of the experiment for analysis by liquid scintillation counting.
Test solutions
- Vehicle:
- yes
- Details on preparation of test solutions, spiked fish food or sediment:
- 4-[14C]heptylphenol (1 Ci/mol) was synthesized at the University of Stockholm, Sweden. The fish were exposed to 15.5 nmol/L of 4-[14C]HP by first dissolving the compound in microfiltered (0.45um) autoclaved seawater with the use of methanol as solvent and then diluting the stock solution in filtered seawater (5 um).
Test organisms
- Test organisms (species):
- other: Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)
- Details on test organisms:
- TEST ORGANISM
- Common name: Cod
- Strain: Gadus Morhua L.
- Source: Juvenile Atlantic code were obtained from Naeroysund Norway as post yolk sac fry and reared in the testing laboratory for 4 months prior to the experiments.
- Age at study initiation (mean and range, SD): about 4 months
- Weight at study initiation (mean and range, SD): 4.6 + 0.51 g
- Weight at termination (mean and range, SD): no data
- Method of breeding: fish hatchery.
- Health status: The fish in good health were selected for the test.
- Description of housing/holding area: Commercial 128 L aquaria under flow through conditions
- Feeding during test Feeding occurred daily with commercial cod pellets from Trondheim Norway in amounts corresponding to a maximum 1% of total body mass
ACCLIMATION
- Acclimation period: 4 months
- Acclimation conditions (same as test or not): same
- Health during acclimation (any mortality observed): Healthy.
Study design
- Route of exposure:
- aqueous
- Test type:
- flow-through
- Water / sediment media type:
- natural water: marine
- Total exposure / uptake duration:
- 196 h
Test conditions
- Hardness:
- no data
- Test temperature:
- 7.7 + 0.2 degrees C
- pH:
- 7.9 + 0.1
- Dissolved oxygen:
- 85% + 9% saturation
- TOC:
- no data
- Salinity:
- 33.6 + 0.4 ‰
- Details on test conditions:
- TEST SYSTEM
- The experiments were conducted in commercial 128-L aquaria under flow-through conditions
- Biomass loading rate: 3.5 g fish/L
OTHER TEST CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod: The aquaria received artificial illumination at 50 lux for 12 hr a day.
- Light intensity: 50 lux
RANGE-FINDING / PRELIMINARY STUDY
- Test concentrations:
- Results used to determine the conditions for the definitive study: 96 hr LC50= 2.9 umol/L - Nominal and measured concentrations:
- The final exposure concentration was 15.5 nmol/L of 4-[14C]heptylphenol and 2.4 umol/L of methanol solvent.
- Reference substance (positive control):
- not specified
- Details on estimation of bioconcentration:
- The bioconcentration process was described by a 1-compartment first order kinetic model. Steady state concentrations in the whole animal and rate constants for uptake (k1) and elimination (k2) were estimated by nonlinear regression analysis according to OECD guidelines. The time required to reach apparent steady state (t95) and the biological half life (t1/2) were calculated using the elimination rate constant. The BCF was calculated using the relationship where BCFss is the steady state and BCFk is the kinetic BCF.
BCFss = [x]f / [x]w
and
BCFk = k1 / k2
Results and discussion
Bioaccumulation factor
- Type:
- BCF
- Value:
- 555 dimensionless
- Basis:
- not specified
- Time of plateau:
- 58 h
- Calculation basis:
- steady state
- Remarks on result:
- other: Based on the steady state conc, mean BCFss for samples collected at 96 &192 h = 555 +/- 16. Rate const for uptake and elimin = 29.94 +/- 1.83 & 0.052 +/- 0.011/hr, respectively. Values correspond to a kinetic BCFk of 578 +/- 127.
- Remarks:
- Conc.in environment / dose:15.5 nmol/L
Depuration
- Elimination:
- yes
- Parameter:
- DT50
- Depuration time (DT):
- 13 h
- Details on kinetic parameters:
- Rate constants for uptake and elimination was 29.94 + 1.83 and 0.052 + 0.011/hr, respectively.
- Metabolites:
- No data
- Results with reference substance (positive control):
- not applicable
- Details on results:
- No data
- Reported statistics:
- Results are expressed as mean with standard deviation and were subjected to a nonparametric one way analysis of variance between different groups (Mann Whitney U test). Differences were considered statistically significant at the p<0.05 level.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Based on the steady state concentrations the mean BCFss for samples collected at 96 and 192 hours was 555+16. Rate constants for uptake and elimination was 29.94 + 1.83 and 0.052+0.011/hr, respectively. The values correspond to a kinetic BCFk of 578+127.
The distribution of 4-heptylphenol at steady state displayed a heterogenous pattern dominated by the gastrointestinal system. Bile, liver, and intestinal contents accumulated the test item from seawater higher than other organs and media measured (i.e., spleen, kidney, heart, stomatch content, brain, gills, skin, blood stomach). The relatively high concentrations in liver, bile and intestinal contents as well as the relatively low activity in the stomach contents indicate a rapid uptake and elimination of 4-heptylphenol and its potential metabolites via the liver and subsequent excretion through the biliary system.
Elimination of 4-heptylphenol occurred rapidly following first order kinetics with an estimated biological half life of 13 hours. Substantial radioactivity was detected in seawater during the initial part of the elimination period but no radioactivity was detected in water after more than 96 hr recovery in clean seawater.
No radioactivity was detected in tissues of cod at the end of the elimination period, indicating a lack of retention in specific tissues. Radioactivity in autoradiograms extracted with nonpolar and polar solvents was not observed, giving additional support to the conclusion that 4-heptylphenol and metabolites do not bind to specific macromolecules or tissue structures in cod.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Validity criteria fulfilled:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The bioaccumulation potential of 4-heptylphenol was evaluated during a 192 hour exposure period and 192 hour elimination period in atlantic cod at a concentration of 15.5 nmol/L of 4-[14C]heptylphenol. The steady state BCF was 555 and the kinetic BCF was 578. Rate constants for uptake and elimination were 29.94 and 0.052/h respectively. Elimination of 4-heptylphenol followed first order kinetics with an estimated biological half life of 13 hours.
- Executive summary:
Test Guidance
Similar to OECD Guideline 305 (Bioconcentration: Flow-through Fish Test)
Method and materials
In a bioaccumulation test consisting of a 192 hour exposure period and a 192 hour elimination period, Atlantic cod were exposed to 4-hepthylphenol at a concentration of 15.5 nmol/L (as 4-[14C]heptylphenol) under flow-through conditions according to procedures similar to that described in OECD 305.
Results
The steady state BCF was 555 and the kinetic BCF was 578. Rate constants for uptake and elimination were 29.94 and 0.052/h respectively.
Elimination of 4-heptylphenol occurred rapidly following first order kinetics with an estimated biological half life of 13 hours. Substantial radioactivity was detected in seawater during the initial part of the elimination period but no radioactivity was detected in water after more than 96 hr recovery in clean seawater.
No radioactivity was detected in tissues of cod at the end of the elimination period, indicating a lack of retention in specific tissues. Radioactivity in autoradiograms extracted with nonpolar and polar solvents was not observed, giving additional support to the conclusion that 4-heptylphenol and metabolites do not bind to specific macromolecules or tissue structures in cod.
Conclusions
The test material does not bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms.
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