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EC number: 208-908-0 | CAS number: 546-67-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- repeated dose toxicity: dermal
- Remarks:
- other: The cutaneous penetration of lead oleate, acetate, and arsenate through the skin
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- weight of evidence
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Well-documented and corresponded to the criteria set for assessing animal studies in (Klimisch, et. al. 1996)- A Systematic Approach for Evaluating the Quality of Experimental Toxicological and Ecotoxicological Data, giving due consideration to the published data quality criteria in place at the time the study was conducted.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- The Penetration of Lead Through the Skin
- Author:
- Laug and Kunze
- Year:
- 1 948
- Bibliographic source:
- The Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology with Abstracts of the Literature (1948) Vol. 30 pp. 256-259
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- On the basis of the author's experience that urinary excretion might prove too insensitive for demonstration of minute cutaneous penetration, a method recently devised by Laug (1947) in his laboratory for determining cutaneous penetration of mercury was applied to lead.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Lead Oleate-1120-46-3
- IUPAC Name:
- Lead Oleate-1120-46-3
- Reference substance name:
- lead orthoarsenate-3687-81-8
- IUPAC Name:
- lead orthoarsenate-3687-81-8
- Reference substance name:
- Lead acetate-51404-69-4
- IUPAC Name:
- Lead acetate-51404-69-4
- Reference substance name:
- Tetraethyl lead-78-002
- IUPAC Name:
- Tetraethyl lead-78-002
Constituent 1
Constituent 2
Constituent 3
Constituent 4
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- not specified
- Sex:
- not specified
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- occlusive
- Vehicle:
- other: Lead acetate-aqueous solution; lead ortho arsenate-aqueous paste; lead oleaate-ointment-petrolatum and oleic acid; lead tetraethyl-alone.
- Details on exposure:
- Lead oleate-148 mg
Lead acetate-77 mg 1.5 x 3 inches-clipped dorsal skin
Lead arsenate-102 mg
Lead tetraethyl-106 mg - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- Chemical analyses show that the lead concentraion in the kidney within twenty-four hours after skin exposure is significantly greater than incontrols, and may be used as a measure of the amount of lead which has entered the body via this route.
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- Twenty-four hours
- Frequency of treatment:
- Continual treatement on the skin for 24 hours.
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
Lead oleate-148 mg, Lead acetate-77 mg, Lead arsenate-102 mg, Lead tetraethyl-106 mg/1.5 x 3 inches-clipped dorsal skin
Basis:
analytical per unit area
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- Lead oleate-avg. 12 rats
Lead acetate-avg. 6 rats
Lead arsenate-avg. 8 rats
Lead tetraethyl-nine rats - Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- Rats were used in this study. They were lightly anesthetized and the lead preparation applied to an area of 29 (cm.) squared (11/2x3inches) of the clipped dorsal skin. Inunction was made for two minutes with a glass rod. Then, without removal of excess, the animal was wrapped in a cylindrical celluloid shield, cemented to the body at shoulders and hips. The shield was sufficiently stiff so that the animal was confinef after the fashion of a straight jacket, and was thus prevented from bending its body or coming in oral contact with the shield. The shield did not, however, limit the rat from walking about its cage, nor did it interfere with its intake of food and water. At the end of twenty-four hours, the animal was killed and exsanguinated and the kidneys removed for chemical analyses of lead. Owing to the fact that measurable quantities of lead are also found in the kidneys of unexposed animals, it was necessary to analyze an equal number of controls with equal exposure series.
Four lead compounds were studied: 1) Lead acetate in aqueous solution (77 mg lead per rat); lead ortho arsenate in aqueous paste (102 mg lead per rat); 3) lead oleate as an ointment petrolatum and oleic acid vehicles (148 mg lead per rat); 4) Lead tetraethyl (106 mg lead per rat). For mechanical reasons, it was not possible to apply equal quantities of lead, but in every case a considerable excess of lead compound remained on the skin. No adjustment of exposure area or of age on a body-weight basis was made, but the animals were of uniform size and ranged in weight from 300 to 350 grams. - Positive control:
- Owing to the fact that measurable quantities of lead are also found in the kidneys of unexposed animals, it was necessary to analyze an equal number of controls with equal exposure series.
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Measure of amount of lead stored in the kidneys. Distribution of lead in tissues for lead oleate exposure and lead tetraethyl exposure.
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- At the end of 24 hours the animals were kileed and exsanguinated and the kidneys were removed for chemical analyses.
- Statistics:
- Simple comparisons
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Details on results:
- Table 1 shows the comparative penetration of lead from lead acetate, lead orthoarsenate, and lead oleate. Lead arsenate was included because of its frequent use as an insecticide. The penetration from lead arsenate is significantly less than that from either the oleate or the acetate. In fact, in comparison with all of the control values, it would appear that the penetration of lead from the arsenate compound is practically nil. There is indication that the skin is more permeable to lead acetate than lead oleate; however, the difference between these compounds just misses significance at the 5 percent level. It can be seen that in contrast to the other lead compounds studied, large quantities of lead tetraethyl were absorbed through the skin and could be found not only in the kidneys but in all other tissues examined. It is evident form the data presented that from 90 to 95 per cent of the lead tetraethyl applied to the skin must have been lost by evaporation before it could penetrate the skin. Even so, the difference between the permeability of the skin to nonvolatile lead compounds such as lead acetate, arsenate, oleate and lead tetraethyl is most striking. Not only are the kidney values 10 to 20 times higher, but it appears that the entire organism becomes flooded with lead (Table 2).
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- other: Penetration of lead through intact skin
- Effect level:
- ca. 106 other: mg of tetraethyl lead
- Based on:
- other: 0.1ml tetraethyl lead
- Basis for effect level:
- other: in comparison to the other lead compounds studied, large quantities of lead were absorbed through the skin and could be found not only in the kidneys but in all other tissues examined.
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1-Comparison of the Cutaneous Penetration of lead From Four Different Compounds
The measure of penetration of lead is the storage of lead in the kidneys of the rat
micrograms Pb per gram wet kidney | ||
24-Hour Exposure | Control | |
Lead Oleate (148 mg. lead per rat) Avg. 12 rats | 1.3 | 0.59 |
Lead Acetate (77 mg. lead per rat) Avg. 6 rats | 1.8 | 0.82 |
Lead Arsenate (102 mg. lead per rat) Avg. 8 rats | 0.85 | 0.55 |
Lead Tetraethyl (106 mg. lead per rat) Avg. 9 rats | 136 |
Table 2-The Total Amount of lead Distributed In The Carass and Tissues of the Rat Following Exposure to 106 mg. lead as Lead Tetraethyl.
Micrograms of Pb in the Whole Tissue | kidney | liver | lung | blood | carcass | exposed skin area |
Average | 136 | 505 | 182 | 960 | 4991 | 1675 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The authors concluded that (1) cutaneous absorption of lead oleate, lead acetate, and lead arsenate, as measured by the storage of the lead in the kidneys, is extremely small; (2) mechanical injury to the skin iincreases the penetration of lead; and (3) the absorption of lead tetraethyl is much higher, with concentrations of lead in the kidneys being 10-to20-fold higher than the three nonvolatile lead compounds.
- Executive summary:
Rats were lightly anesthetized and preparations of lead acetate (77 mg Pb/rat), lead ortho arsenate (102 mg Pb/rat) or lead oleate (148 mg Pb/rat) were applied to an area of 29 square centimeters of clipped dorsal skin. In some experiments, mechanical injury to the skin was induced prior to application. The substances were rubbed in for two minutes with a glass rod, then, without removal of excess, the animals were wrapped in a cylindrical celluloid shield cemented to the body at the shoulders and hips, which prevented bending of the body and oral contact with the shield. After 24 or 48 hours, animals were sacrificed and various organs were removed for measurement of lead. An equal number of control animals were analyzed with each exposure. In the experiments with lead oleate in petrolatum vehicle, the concentration of lead in kidney and in skin from the leg was higher in treated animals compared to controls. The lead concentration was not higher in liver, muscle, lung, brain, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, or thigh bone. Absorption of lead acetate and lead oleate, as measured in the kidney, was higher when applied to skin that underwent mechanical injury. A comparison of the absorption of lead in the kidney from lead oleate, lead acetate, and lead arsenate indicated that absorption of lead arsenate was similar to control values. The absorption of lead acetate appeared to be higher than that of lead oleate, but the difference was not statistically significant. Absorption of lead from these three lead compounds was also compared to that of lead tetraethyl. Measurements of lead in kidneys were 10- to 20-fold higher with lead tetraethyl than with the three nonvolatile lead compounds. The authors concluded that: (1) cutaneous absorption of lead oleate, lead acetate, and lead arsenate, as measured by the storage of lead in the kidneys, is extremely small; (2) mechanical injury to the skin increases the penetration of lead; and (3) the absorption of lead tetraethyl is much higher, with concentrations of lead in the kidneys being 10- to 20-fold higher than the three nonvolatile lead compounds.
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