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EC number: 231-635-3 | CAS number: 7664-41-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Acute Toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- acute toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Published study
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Acute inhalation toxicity study of ammonia in rats with variable exposure periods.
- Author:
- Appelman, L.M., Ten Berge, W.F. and Reuzel, P.G.J.
- Year:
- 1 982
- Bibliographic source:
- Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J; 43(9), 1982, 662-665.
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Assessment of acute inhalation toxicity in the rat following various exposure periods
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Remarks:
- : published study
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Ammonia, anhydrous
- EC Number:
- 231-635-3
- EC Name:
- Ammonia, anhydrous
- Cas Number:
- 7664-41-7
- Molecular formula:
- H3N
- IUPAC Name:
- ammonia
- Details on test material:
- Liquid ammonia (UKF-SBB, Geleen, The Netherlands), supplied in a pressurised container.
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Groups of male and female SPF-bred Wistar rats (Cpb:WU, Wistar Random), obtained from the Central Institute for the Breeding of Laboratory Animals, TNO, Zeist. The average age of the rats on arrival was 7-8 weeks, and the body weights of males and females varied between 150-170 g, and 130-140 g, respectively. After exposure rats were housed 5 per cage for the 14 day observation period. Food (standard laboratory rat diet) and tap water were available during the observation period, but were witheld during exposure. The temperature and relative humidity of the room were maintained at 21±1°C and 50-60%, respectively.
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- whole body
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- Groups of male and female rats were exposed to dynamic atmospheres containing different concentrations of ammonia for 10, 20, 40 or 60 mins. The atmosphere was an ammonia/air mixture, introduced at a rate of 25 L/min.
- Analytical verification of test atmosphere concentrations:
- yes
- Remarks:
- by titration
- Duration of exposure:
- 10 - 60 min
- Concentrations:
- Various exposure concentrations were used to establish the LC50 value for ammonia at 10, 20, 40 or 60 mins. Actual range of concentrations used not noted.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 5 males and 5 females per group
- Control animals:
- no
- Details on study design:
- Groups of female and male rats were exposed to dynamic atmospheres containing different concentrations of ammonia for 10, 20, 40 or 60 mins. The aim of the study was to establish the relationship between exposure concentration and exposure period and mortality. Following exposure rats observed for clinical signs for 14 days. Body weight was recorded at days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14. Clinical symptoms were recorded, and autopsy was performed after the 14 day observation period.
- Statistics:
- Probit method used to calculate LC50 values
Results and discussion
- Preliminary study:
- A preliminary study was not reported
Effect levelsopen allclose all
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 28 130 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 26 040 - 30 380
- Exp. duration:
- 10 min
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 19 960 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 19 050 - 20 920
- Exp. duration:
- 20 min
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 14 170 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 13 500 - 14 870
- Exp. duration:
- 40 min
- Sex:
- male/female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 11 590 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 10 860 - 12 380
- Exp. duration:
- 60 min
- Sex:
- male
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 9 850 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 8 490 - 11 430
- Exp. duration:
- 60 min
- Sex:
- female
- Dose descriptor:
- LC50
- Effect level:
- 13 770 mg/m³ air
- 95% CL:
- 12 350 - 15 340
- Exp. duration:
- 60 min
- Mortality:
- Mortality data are presented in Table 1.
- Clinical signs:
- other: Eye-irritation; especially in animals exposed for 60 minutes, wet noses, nasal discharge, mouth breathing, restlessness and laboured respiration were seen during exposure.
- Body weight:
- Not reported
- Gross pathology:
- Macroscopic examination revealed haemorrhagic lungs in animals that died during the study and also those that were sacrificed at study termination.
- Other findings:
- No other findings
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. Mortality Data
Ammonia Concentration (mg/m³ air) |
Exposure time (min) |
Mortality rate (%) |
||
Males |
Females |
Both Sexes Combined |
||
20950 |
10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
23380 |
20 |
0 |
10 |
|
26410 |
100 |
20 |
60 |
|
27220 |
100 |
0 |
50 |
|
37820 |
100 |
80 |
90 |
|
18290 |
20 |
60 |
0 |
30 |
19030 |
20 |
0 |
10 |
|
19450 |
100 |
40 |
70 |
|
21420 |
60 |
60 |
60 |
|
23200 |
100 |
80 |
90 |
|
12620 |
40 |
40 |
0 |
20 |
13410 |
80 |
20 |
50 |
|
15870 |
80 |
20 |
50 |
|
16290 |
100 |
60 |
80 |
|
16840 |
100 |
40 |
70 |
|
9870 |
60 |
40 |
20 |
30 |
10230 |
80 |
0 |
40 |
|
11300 |
100 |
0 |
50 |
|
12500 |
100 |
20 |
60 |
|
13240 |
100 |
40 |
70 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Interpretation of results:
- harmful
- Remarks:
- Criteria used for interpretation of results: EU
- Conclusions:
- As the exposure period increased, the LC50 decreased in value from 28130 mg
- Executive summary:
The acute inhalation toxicity of ammonia was assessed by exposing groups of male and female Wistar rats were to atmospheric ammonia for 10, 20, 40 or 60 minutes. Following exposure surviving rats were housed 5 per cage and observed for 14 days.
Clinical symptoms included eye irritation, wet noses and nasal discharge. Autopsy revealed haemorrhagic lungs. The 60 minute LC50 in male rats was 9850 mg/m³ air. The 60 minute LC50 in female rats was 13770 mg/m³ air.
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