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EC number: 305-445-7 | CAS number: 94551-99-2 Material obtained during the recycling of exhausted lead storage batteries. Consists primarily of oxides and sulfates of lead and lead alloys.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Hazard for air
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Hazard for predators
Additional information
The hazard assessment of inorganic UVCBs for the purpose of classification and derivation of safe effect thresholds (i.e. PNEC) is a cumbersome and complex process. Due to the intrinsic variability of the composition of an UVCB, it is difficult to select a sample that would unambiguously be representative for the (eco)toxicological hazard profile of the UVCB and could subsequently be used for testing. Instead of direct testing, a precautionary approach is taken where the UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance containing a number of discrete constituents (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds etc.). For each of these constituents, the hazard profile is used for deriving the proper classification of the UVCB (using the mixture rules) and/or for the derivation of the PNECs of the constituent (forwarded to the risk assessment). Using the PNEC of all individual constituents circumvents indirectly the issue of varying composition of an UVCB as it implicitly assumes that each time the UVCB substance consists of the pure substance, i.e. that each constituent would be present and bioavailable at a 100% concentration in the UVCB substance. This can be considered a conservative approach. A main outcome of the constituents’ based assessment is the selection of all the constituents for which any environmental hazard is identified. This selection defines the scope of the further exposure and risk assessment (CSR, Ch. 9&10).
The actual hazard profile of the inorganic UVCB substance and the individual constituents is dependent on the speciation of each and every constituent andhence this information needs to be collected in order to obtain a robust classification or PNEC value used for risk assessment purposes. Different scenarios can be encountered.
· When the speciation of a constituent is known, this is used as such for the environmental hazard assessment.
· When the speciation is unknown or few metal species co-exist, the worst-case speciation for the purpose of environmental hazard assessment is selected, i.e. the speciation that would lead to the most severe effects and thus the lowest PNEC.
For most metals, it is generally assumed that the Me-ion is the metal species of concern and therefore, the environmental hazard assessment is generally based on Me-ion speciation (ECHA, 2008. Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment; Appendix R.7.13-2: Environmental risk assessment for metals and metal compounds)
Selection of the ecotoxicological information for the purpose of classification
The UVCB classification is calculated by applying the CLP mixture rules based on the classification of the known or worst-case speciation for each constituent and worst-case constituent concentration in the UVCB (i.e. maximum of the legal entity typical value), using the MeClas tool. Depending on the availability of information, the UVCB classification can be refined following MeClas Tiered approach.
Selection of the ecotoxicological information for the purpose of risk assessment
For the purpose of the environmental risk assessment for the UVCB, the hazards of each constituent will be assessed and PNEC values for all the constituents for which a hazard has been identified are compiled.
The UVCB is a complex inorganic metals containing substance. The physico-chemical characterization of the UVCB (see relevant section in IUCLID) demonstrates the presence of different metal species; intermetallic and metal sulphates/oxides that aremade by recovering the lead compounds from exhausted lead-acid batteries and converting it into a prepared solid feed suitable for lead smelting. Lead is mainly present as oxides, sulphate and in metallic form. This resulted in relatively high solubilisation potential in water for most of the metals present in the UVCB (e. g. Cu, Ag, As).
The UVCB is an intermediate, with a very limited life cycle (manufacturing and industrial uses only).Testing the UVCB is difficult because of the large uncertainty involved when selecting representative samples due to the variable elemental concentrations in the composition of the UVCB. Derivation of PNECs for the UVCB as such are therefore difficult to interpretbecause of the uncertainty related to the representativeness of the testing. Also, UVCB exposure cannot be measured or modelled because of the multi-constituent character. For these reasons,the UVCB environmental (hazard) assessment is driven by the assessment of the individual UVCB constituents.
For the purpose of classification, the UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance with a number of discrete constituting compounds (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds). The hazard classifications of each compound are then factored into a combined classification of the UVCB as a whole. For environmental endpoints, additivity and/or summation algorithms are applied to quantitatively estimate the mixture’s toxicity to aquatic organisms.
For the purpose of the environmental (risk) assessment, the ecotoxicological information that was taken forward is based on all hazardous constituents of all relevant UVCBs at the site for which quantitative exposure and risk assessment was conducted. For the environment, most often, it is the metal ion that is the toxic driver (ECHA, 2008, R.7.13-2). Consequently, the PNECs expressed as metal ion are the relevant ones to forward to risk characterization. Considering the composition of this UVCB, full solubilisation of the various constituting speciation is assumed. The physical form (powder or massive) does not lead in this case to different release potential of the elements from the UVCB and consequently no different PNECs. When quantitative exposure and risk assessment were conducted on a metal constituent, the ecotoxicological information on this individual metal is reported in the respective summary sheet. The information is taken from the respective REACH IUCLID dossiers (see annex II of this CSR). More information on the scope of the UVCB assessment can be found in the CSR of the UVCB (Chapter 9).
Table45:Summary of the information on toxicological information for the purpose of riskassessment:
UVCB constituent |
Variability in chemical composition
|
PNECs
|
||||
Element |
Speciation used for environmental risk assessment |
|||||
Cu |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Ni |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Pb |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
As |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Ag |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Sb |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Se |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Zn |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Cd |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Co |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
|||
Cr |
Metal ion |
Hazard assumed as if UVCB consists of 100% worst-case speciation |
See respective PNEC summary in IUCLID and table below |
For the purpose of the risk assessment, the hazard conclusions and the metal-specific PNECs (Predicted No Effect Concentration) were collected for each environmental compartment. An overview of the PNECs relevant for the Lead intermediates is given in the table below. PNEC for arsenic metal was not available. Consequently, one was derived based on arsenic oxide using molecular weight conversion. Elements for which no PNEC is reported inTable46have no relevant environmental hazards and for which there is no need to derive environmental threshold. For oxides, hydroxides and sulphates, there is a potential pH-effect on the receiving environmental compartments.
See respective PNEC summaries:Overview of hazard conclusions - Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC) takenforward for CSA of the Lead intermediates
Environmental classification justification
The UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance with a number of discrete constituting compounds (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds). The hazard classifications of each compound are then factored into a combined classification of the UVCB as a whole. The classification was derived using Meclas (MEtals CLASsification tool - see www.meclas.eu), a calculation tool that follows classification guidance and implementation in accordance to legal rules and technical guidance from ECHA and CLP. See IUCLID section 13 attachment for MeClas classification conclusions.
Table47:Summary of the information on ecotoxicological information for the purpose ofclassification
UVCB constituent |
Variability of elemental composition |
Classification according each relevant endpoint |
|
Element |
Speciation* in composition
|
|
|
As |
As2O3 / AsO3 |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised classification of the speciation |
Cu |
CuSO4 |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised and worst self classification of the speciation |
Ni |
NiSO4 |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised classification of the speciation |
Pb |
lead compounds with the exception of those specified elsewhere in Annex VI |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised and worst self classification of the speciation |
S |
Metal sulfides/sulphates |
Maximum of typicals |
Classification: see metal specific entry |
Sb |
Sb compounds, with the exception of the tetroxide (Sb2O4), pentoxide (Sb2O5), trisulphide (Sb2S3), pentasulphide (Sb2S5) and those specified elsewhere in Annex VI |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised classification of the speciation |
Se |
Selenium compounds except cadmium sulphoselenide |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised classification of the speciation |
Zn |
ZnSO4 |
Maximum of typicals |
Harmonised classification of the speciation |
Minors |
Sulphide/compounds or metal |
Maximum of typicals |
Below 0.1% and/or the speciation not impacting classification, see MECLAS report in CSR Annex I |
* Detailed information on speciation can be found in IUCLID Section 4.23 Additional Physico-chemical information
Conclusion on classification
The UVCB is a complex inorganic metal containing substance. Its toxicity is related to the degree to which constituents react with water/biological fluids and potentially release soluble, potentially bio available ionic and other (metal bearing) species.
The environmental (self) classification of the UVCB was derived using MeClas (see below)
Hazard to aquatic environment: acute/chronic Category 1
See IUCLID section 13 or CSR Annex 1 for detailed MeClas outprints with the specified input concentrations and resulting classification. Please visit www. meclas.eu for more information about the tool.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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