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EC number: 222-883-3 | CAS number: 3648-18-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Effects on fertility
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- screening for reproductive / developmental toxicity
- Remarks:
- based on test type (migrated information)
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 12 November 2003 to 8 March 2004
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- The study was conducted in accordance with the standardised testing guideline OECD 422 and in accordance with GLP with no deviations thought to affect the quality of the presented data. The study was reported to a high standard, sufficient to assess the reliability of the data presented.
- Justification for type of information:
- Dioctyltin dilaurate hydrolyses in the stomach of rats into Dioctyltin oxide and Lauric acid. This was shown in an simulated gastric hydrolysis study. This endpoint is for the hydrolysis product Dioctyltin oxide
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 422 (Combined Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction / Developmental Toxicity Screening Test)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Limit test:
- no
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Age at study initiation: 10-11 weeks
- Weight at study initiation: The weight variation of the animals for each sex did not exceed 20 %.
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: tap water ad libitum in polypropylene bottles
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Temperature (°C): 19-25 °C
- Humidity (%): 30-70 5
- Air changes (per hr): 10 air changes per hour
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12 hours light and 12 hours dark
DOSE-RANGE FINDING TEST IN-LIFE DATES: From: 12 November 2003 To: 26 November 2003
MAIN TEST IN-LIFE DATES: From: 14 January 2004 To: 8 March 2004 - Route of administration:
- oral: feed
- Vehicle:
- unchanged (no vehicle)
- Details on exposure:
- DIET PREPARATION
- Rate of preparation of diet (frequency): The experimental diets were prepared once shortly before the study
- Mixing appropriate amounts with (Type of food): The test substance was weighed and placed in a small grinder. The tray was rinsed with food which was then also added to the grinder and mixed for 2 x 30 seconds. This mixture was moved to a Stephan cutter and the grinder was rinsed with food and moved to the cutter. Approximately 3 kg weighed food was mixed into the cutter for 2 x 2 minutes and moved. This was then moved to the Lödige cutter. The Stephan cutter was rinsed with approximately 3 kg of food and that was also moved to the Lödige cutter. Mixing was continued in the Lödige cutter for 2 minutes with the total amount of food.
- Storage temperature of food: <-18 °C - Details on mating procedure:
- - M/F ratio per cage: 1:1
- Length of cohabitation: Until pregnancy occurred
- Proof of pregnancy: sperm in vaginal smear referred to as day 0 of pregnancy
- After successful mating each pregnant female was caged individually - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- The feed was checked for homogenous distribution, stability and concentration of the test substance for all the doses in the dose-range finding study. The same dose preparation for the dose-range finding study was also used for the main test. The homogenous distribution and achieved concentration of the low dose in the main test was also analysed.
Directly after preparation of the diet for the dose-range finding study, samples for homogeneity and stability were taken. Five samples were taken (approximately 50 g each) to examine the homogeneity of the dose from the top centre, middle centre, bottom centre, left centre and right centre of the mixer. Secondly samples (around 50 g) were taken from the top centre part of the mixer to measure the stability. The samples taken for measurement of the homogeneity were also used for dose confirmation. In addition the content (achieved concentration) of the test substance in the batch of diet used in the main study. Diet samples were taken for analysis immediately after preparation and stored at – 18 °C.
Samples of the 0, 25, 75, 200 and 500 mg/kg diets from the dose-range finding study and doses of 0, 25 and 250 mg/kg from the main study as well as all related calibration samples were derivatised.
A calculated amount of internal standard solution (MHT, DHT and TTPT in methanol) was added to 2.0 g of diet in a 50 mL Corning tube. 10 mL of 100 % acetic acid was then added and the Corning tube was closed and shaken for 60 minutes (250 rpm). 10 mL of acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) was added along with 10 mL methanol. 2.0 mL of 20 % (m/V) aqueous STEB solutions was added, followed by 10 mL hexane (containing naphthalene, approximately 0.1 mg/L). The tube was shaken for 15 minutes (250 rpm) then placed in an oven at 60 °C for 15 minutes. After phase separation, the hexane layer (approximately 3 mL) was removed and washed with 3 mL of 2 mol/L HCl (30 minutes shaking at 250 rpm). The hexane top layer was diluted with hexane: hexane extracts from sample with dose levels of 0, 25 and 75 mg/kg were diluted five times, the higher doses were diluted fifty times. The resulting solutions were transferred into an amber coloured glass vial and anaylysed using GC-MS.
The procedure for the samples from the main study at doses of 0 and 5 mg/kg followed the same derivatisation procedure, except the initial quantity of the diet was 5.0 g not 2.0 g
The concentration of organotin compounds in the extracts was determined using GC-MS. For calculation of the amount of DOTO in the samples, the peak area of DHT was used as an internal standard. Quantitiation was achieved using the calibration graphs constructed from the calibration solutions.
The following conditions were used:
- Column: Fused silica HP5 MS, 30 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 µm film
- Precolumn: fused silica HP5 MS, 2.5 m, 0.25 mm ID, 0.25 µm film
- Column temperature: after 3 minutes at 45 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min to 80 °C; then at a rate of 15 °C/min to 260 °C; 15 min at 260 °C.
- Carrier: helium; 1.5 mL/min constant flow
- Injection volume: 1 µL
- Injection temperature: start at 60 °C, then at a rate of 14.5 °C/s to 300 °C; 5 min at 300 °C
- Injection method: splitless
- Ionisation: electron impact 70 eV
- Mass range: 60-600 amu
- Mass fragments used: DOT m/z = 375*; 263; 151, DHT 347*; 249; 179
Mass fragments marked with an asterisk were used for quantitation - Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 28 days (treated food was available ad libitum)
- Frequency of treatment:
- Daily
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Range finding study
- Dose / conc.:
- 25 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Range finding study
- Dose / conc.:
- 75 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Range finding study
- Dose / conc.:
- 250 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Range finding study
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Range finding study
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Main study
- Dose / conc.:
- 5 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Main study
- Dose / conc.:
- 25 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Main study
- Dose / conc.:
- 250 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- Main study
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 22 males and 22 females in the 14-day dose range finding study (5 groups of 4 male and 4 female rats)
52 males and 52 females in the main study (4 groups of 12 male and 12 female rats) - Control animals:
- yes, plain diet
- Details on study design:
- - Dose selection rationale: Doses were selected on the results of the range finding test
- Rationale for animal assignment: Randomised - Parental animals: Observations and examinations:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Every morning throughout the study, and a second observation in the afternoon of working days.
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: Prior to the first exposure and then once weekly
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Body weights of male and female rats were taken on day -2 (randomisation) and on days 0 (first day of dosing), 7 and 13 of the premating period.
Males were weighed weekly during the mating period until sacrifice. Females were weighed during mating (day 0, 7 and 13) and mated females were weighed on day 0, 7, 14 and 21 during presumed gestation and on day 1 and 4 of lactation. All animals were weighed at sacrifice.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study):
- Food consumption for each animal determined and mean daily diet consumption calculated as g food/kg body weight/day: Yes, also calculated as g/animal/day
HAEMATOLOGY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of the premating period
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes, CO2/02 anaesthesia
- Anit-coagulant: K2-EDTA
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: 5 rats/sex/group
- Parameters checked:
Haemoglobin
Packed cell volume
red blood cell count
reticulocytes
Total white blood cell count
Prothrombin time
Thrombocyte count
Mean corpuscular volume (MCV)
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH)
Mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: Yes
- Time schedule for collection of blood: At the end of the premating period
- Anaesthetic used for blood collection: Yes, CO2/02 anaesthesia
- Animals fasted: Yes, overnight
- How many animals: 5 rats/sex/group
- Parameters checked:
Fasting glucose
Alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP)
Aspartate aminotransferace activity (ASAT)
Alanine aminotransferace activity (ALAT)
Gamma glutamyl transferase activity (GGT)
Total protein
Albumin
Ratio albumin to globulin
Urea
Creatinine
Bilirubin (total)
Cholesterol (total)
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Calcium (Ca)
Sodium (Na)
Potassium (K)
Chloride (Cl)
Inorganic phosphate
NEUROBEHAVIOURAL EXAMINATION: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: Arena testing was performed prior to the first exposure and then once weekly until the end of dosing and in females until the end of lactation. Males and females selected for the functional observation battery test (FOB) and spontaneous activity measurements were excluded from the final arena testing.
At the end of the study, FOB test and spontaneous motor activity measurements were performed on day 27 for males and on post natal day for for females.
- Dose groups that were examined: All animals were subject to the arena testing. For the other two tests, 5 animals per sex were randomly selected from each dose group.
- Battery of functions tested:
Autonomic: lacrimation, salivation, pupil response to light, palpebral closure, piloerection, defecation and urination
Neuromuscular: gait, mobility, forelimb and hindlimb gripstrength, landing foot splay, righting reflex
Sensorimotor: response to tail pinch, click, tough and approach of a visual object
Convulsive: clonic and tonic movements
Excitability: ease of removal, handling reactivity, arousal and vocalisations
Activity: rearing and motor activity
Physiological: body temperature - Oestrous cyclicity (parental animals):
- -
- Sperm parameters (parental animals):
- -
- Litter observations:
- PARAMETERS EXAMINED
The following parameters were examined in the offspring:
The total litter size and numbers of each sex as well as the number of stillbirths, livebirths and grossly malformed pups and pups showing abnormalities were recorded on PN 1 and PN 4. The pups were weighed individually on PN 1 and PN 4. Mean pup weights were calculated as litter weight/number pups. The number of runts (pup weight less than mean pup weight of the control group minus 2 standard deviations) was calculated. - Postmortem examinations (parental animals):
- SACRIFICE
- Male animals: Males were sacrificed after 28 days of exposure
- Female animals: Sperm positive females that were not pregnant were killed 25 days after copulation, mothers with litters were killed on post natal day 4.
GROSS PATHOLOGY: Yes
The following were taken from all animals:
Ovaries
Uterus
Testes
Epididymides
Seminal vesicles
Prostate
Organs and tissues showing macroscopic abnormalities
The following were taken from 5 animals/sex/group:
Adrenals
Axillary lymph node
Bone marrow (femur)
Brain
Caecum
Coagulation glands
Colon
Duodenum
Eyes
Heart
Jejunum
Lungs
Kidneys
Liver
Mammary gland (females only)
Mesentric lymph node
Parathyroids
Peyer's patches
Pituitary
Rectum
Sciatic nerve
Spinal cord
Spleen
Stomach
Thymus
Thyroids
Trachea
Urinary bladder
The following organs were weighed:
Adrenals
Brain
Heart
Kidneys
Liver
Spleen
Thymus
HISTOPATHOLOGY: Yes Microscopic examination was performed on the collected organs of all rats in the control and high-dose group.
The liver and ovaria of females and the thymus of the male and female rats in the low and mid-dose groups were also evaluated
The following tissues, though collected were not subject to histopathological examination:
Coagulation glands
Mammary gland (females only)
In addition, reproductive organs of males that failed to sire (mated female which was not pregnant) and females that were non-mated or non-pregnant of the mid and low dose groups were microscopically examined. - Postmortem examinations (offspring):
- SACRIFICE
- The offspring were sacrificed at post natal day 4 by hypothermia at <-18 °C.
Pups were examined externally for gross abnormalities.
GROSS NECROPSY
- Pups that died during the study were necropsied and macroscopic abnormalities were recorded. - Statistics:
- Clinical findings, histopathological changes, the number of mated and pregnant females and females with live pups were evaluated using Fisher’s exact probability test.
Number of implantation sites, live and dead pups were evaluated by Kruskal-Wallis nonparametric analysis of variance followed by the Mann Whitney U-test.
Bodyweight, bodyweight gain, organ weights, food consumption, red blood cell and coagulation variables, total white blood cell counts, absolute differential white blood cell counts, clinical chemistry values and organ weights were assessed by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison tests.
Reticulocytes and relative differential white blood cell counts were assessed using Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric ANOVA followed by Mann-Whitney U-tests.
The results of the functional observations were measured on different scales. Continuous measurements were analysed by one-way analysis of variance at each time point, if found to be statistically significant, a post-hoc group comparison was performed. Rank order data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance at each test time point, followed by planned multiple comparisons between dose groups were a significant results occurred. Categorical data were assessed using Pearson chi-square analysis.
Motor activity data were assessed by one-way analysis of variance at each time point with a post-hoc group comparison performed on significant results.
All tests were two sided and the level of probability p<0.05 was considered as significant. Effects of treatment on habituation were analysed by repeated measures of analysis variance in five 6 minute time blocks. Statistical evaluations on pup variables were considered on a litter basis. Additional evaluations on a pup basis were performed to identify any specific dose-related effect that may have occurred. - Reproductive indices:
- Pre-coital time = time between the start of mating and successful copulation
Duration of gestation = time between gestation day 0 and day of delivery
Mating index = (number of females mated/number of females placed with males) x 100
Male fertility index = (number of males that became sires/number of males placed with females) x 100
Female fertility index = (number of pregnant females/number of females placed with males) x 100
Female fecundity index = (number of pregnant females/number of females mated) x 100
Gestation index = (number of females with live pups/number of females pregnant) x 100 - Offspring viability indices:
- Live birth index = (number of pups born alive/number of pups born) x 100
Pup mortality day n = (Number of dead pups/number of females pregnant) x 100
Live birth index = (number of pups born alive/number of pups born) x 100
Pup mortality day n = (number of dead pups on day n/total number of pups on day n) x 100
Sex ratio day n = (number of live male pups on day n/number of live pups on day n) x 100
Number of lost implantations = number of implantation sites – number of pups born alive
Pre-implantation loss = [(number of corpora lutea – number of implantation sites)/number of corpora lyutea] x 100
Post-implantation loss = [(number of implantation sites – number of pups born alive)/number of implantation sites] x 100 - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- In the 25 mg/kg diet grou there were adverse finding in the thymus
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food efficiency:
- not specified
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not specified
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not specified
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not specified
- Urinalysis findings:
- not specified
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- no effects observed
- Immunological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Other effects:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Reproductive function: oestrous cycle:
- not examined
- Reproductive function: sperm measures:
- not examined
- Reproductive performance:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- General toxicity
- Effect level:
- > 0.3 - < 0.4 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased thymus weight
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- General toxicity
- Effect level:
- > 0.3 - < 0.5 mg/kg bw/day (actual dose received)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: Decreased thymus weight and microscopic and macroscopic changes in the thymus
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 25 mg/kg diet
- System:
- immune system
- Organ:
- thymus
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Relevant for humans:
- not specified
- Clinical signs:
- not examined
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality / viability:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- not examined
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- not examined
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Sexual maturation:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- not examined
- Gross pathological findings:
- no effects observed
- Histopathological findings:
- not examined
- Other effects:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Developmental immunotoxicity:
- not examined
- Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEC
- Generation:
- F1
- Effect level:
- 250 mg/kg diet
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Remarks on result:
- other: no pimary effects on reporduction
- Key result
- Critical effects observed:
- no
- Reproductive effects observed:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- Based on the effects noted in the thymus in both male and female rats in the 25 mg/kg diet groups, the NOAEL for general toxicity was concluded to be the lowest group tested, 5 mg/kg diet which was equivalent to 0.3-0.4 mg/kg bw/day for male animals and 0.3-0.5 mg/kg bw/day for female animals.
A NOAEL for reproductive toxicity was not considered necessary because the reproductive effects observed were non-specific and considered to be related to maternal toxicity. - Executive summary:
The toxicological effects of the test substance and possible effects on reproduction was assessed in a repeated dose toxicity and reproductive and developmental screening study in rats. The study was performed in accordance with GLP and to the standardised guideline OECD 422.
Based on the effects noted in the thymus in both male and female rats in the 25 mg/kg diet groups, the NOAEL was concluded to be the lowest group tested, 5 mg/kg diet which was equivalent to 0.3-0.4 mg/kg bw/day for male animals and 0.3-0.5 mg/kg bw/day for female animals.
A NOAEL for reproductive toxicity was not considered necessary because the reproductive effects observed were non-specific and considered to be related to maternal toxicity.
Reference
One female in the high dose group was found dead on gestation day 24; this animal was pregnant and 11 dead foetuses were found in the uterus.
One male animal in the high dose group showed exopthalmus from week 2 and complete degeneration of the eye from week 3 onwards. This was observed after orbital punction. No other clinical signs were noted in the males.
The only finding during the gestation period was a sparsely haired animal in the 250 mg/kg group. During the lactation period, sparsely haired animals were noted in the control (n = 1), 5 mg/kg (n = 1) and in the 250 mg/kg group (n = 1). No other findings were noted in the female animals.
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN
Mean bodyweights of the treated male animals was comparable to the controls. The bodyweight change of the male animals of the high-dose group was significantly decreased from days 13-21 (body weight gain 69% lower than controls).
Mean bodyweights of the dams of the high-dose group was statistically significantly decreased on gestation day 21 (8.5% lower than controls) and post-natal day 1 (9.3% lower than controls). Mean bodyweight changes of the dams of the high-dose group were more markedly affected during pregnancy, as the overall mean weight gain for the control animals accounted to 74.31 g, whereas that in the high-dose animals it was only 51.43 g (approx. 31% lower); durig gestation day 14 to 21, the reduction in mean weight gain in the high-dose animals attained statistical significance, compared to controls, and was approximately 52% lower. Bodyweights and bodyweight change of the dams of all the treated groups were comparable to the controls group at all other times of the study.
FOOD CONSUMPTION AND COMPOUND INTAKE (if feeding study)
Mean food consumption (g/kg/day) of male animals of the 250 mg/kg diet group was decreased by 7.5%, compared to controls, from day 7-13, and the difference attained statistical significance. No other treatment related effects were observed in the male animals.
During the gestation period and lactation period (gestation days 7-14 and 14-21 and post-natal days 1-4), food consumption (expressed as g/animal/day and g/kg bodyweight/day) of the dams in the high-dose group was significantly decreased. Considering the entire pregnancy period, high-dose animals ate approx. 13% less food than controls (in terms of g/kg/day), and approx. 24% less food than controls during the 4-day lactation period. No other treatment-related effects were observed.
Test substance intake was as follows:
- Males (listed as low, mid and high dose groups; 5, 25 and 250 mg/kg diet respectively)
premating days 0-7: 0.4, 1.7 and 17.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
premating days 7-13: 0.3, 1.6 and 15.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
post-mating days 21-28: 0.3, 1.5 and 14.5 mg/kg bodyweight/day
- Females (listed as low, mid and high dose groups; 5, 25 and 250 mg/kg diet respectively)
premating days 0-7: 0.4, 1.7 and 17.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
premating days 7-13: 0.3, 1.6 and 15.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
gestation days 0-7: 0.4, 2.0 and 17.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
gestation days 7-14: 0.4, 1.9 and 16.7 mg/kg bodyweight/day
gestation days 14-21: 0.3, 1.4 and 11.2 mg/kg bodyweight/day
Post-natal days 1-4: 0.5, 2.4 and 17.4 mg/kg bodyweight/day
REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE (PARENTAL ANIMALS)
The number of pregnant females and the number of males that became sires were: 11, 12, 11 and 10 for the control, low, mid and high dose groups respectively. The number of females with liveborn pups was 11, 11, 11 and 8 for the control, low, mid and high dose respectively.
The mating index was 100% in all groups. The female fecundity index, female fertility index and male fertility index were comparable among the all groups and ranged from 83-100%. The gestation index was comparable 100% in the control, low- and mid-dose groups, and 80% in the high-dose group.
The duration of gestation was statistically significantly increased in the 250 mg/kg diet (high-dose) group, although all animals gave birth between day 21 and 22. One female was found dead in the high dose group on gestation day 24. The animal was pregnant and 11 dead foetuses were discovered in the uterus. No difference on the duration of gestation was observed amongst the control and the low- and mid-dose groups.
Stillborn pups were observed in the high dose in three litters, and 1 female with all stillborn pups was observed.
Pre-implantation loss was 8.4. 2.2. 12.3 and 6.2% for the control, low-, mid- and high-dose groups and was considered comparable.
The statistically increased number of implantation sites in the 5 mg/kg diet (low-dose) group was not considered to be treatment related.
Pos-implantation loss was 9.8, 11.6, 7.5 and 38.7% for the control, low-, mid- and high-dose groups respectively. The post-implantation loss recorded in the high-dose group was statistically significantly increased.
HAEMATOLOGY
All treated groups were found to be comparable to controls.
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY
Statistically significantly increased alkaline phosphatase levels (U/L) were found in the high-dose males. Bilirubin (µmol/L) was found to be statistically significantly increased in the high-dose females. These findings were considered to be treatment related. Other effects such as the statistically significant increase in chloride in the 25 mg/kg diet male rats and the significant decrease in calcium in the 5 mg/kg diet females were not considered to be related to treatment. No other changes were observed.
NEUROBEHAVIOUR
No treatment-related effects were observed.
ORGAN WEIGHTS
The absolute thymus weight in the males of the 250 and 25 mg/kg diet groups were found to be significantly decreased (-23 and -80%, respectively, compared to controls). Relative thymus weight was found to be significantly decreased in the high dose male rats (-77% compared to controls).
The absolute and relative weight of the female animals of the high dose group was significantly decreased (-69 and -66%, respectively, compared to controls). In the mid-dose group the relative thymus weight was also statistically significantly decreased (-36% compared to controls).
In the female animals of the high-dose group, the relative kidney and liver weights were statistically significantly increased (+14 and +22%, respectively, compared to controls).
No other effects were observed in either male or female animals.
GROSS PATHOLOGY
At necropsy, a decrease in thymic size was seen in all animals in the 250 mg/kg diet groups, 11 females in the 25 mg/kg diet group, 7 females in the 5 mg/kg diet group and 5 animals in the control group.
Examination of the female that was found dead revealed hydrothorax, haemorrhagic lungs, dilation of the vena cava and haemorrhagic discharge in the vagina, these were considered to be indicative of problems during parturition.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
Microscopic evaluation of the thymus revealed moderate to very severe lymphoid depletion in all animals (both sexes) of the 250 mg/kg diet group and in all females of the 25 mg/kg diet group. Lymphoid depletion was characterised by a decrease in the thymic lobules due to an extensive loss of cortical and medullary small lymphocytes. The distinction between the cortical and medullary areas was unclear. In the more extreme effects observed, the cortex was very small, or absent. The remaining lymphoid cells visible in the cortical areas were mainly lymphoblasts. Lymphoblastic cells and reticuloepithelial cells had increased, and/or higher numbers of these cells were visible due to the disappearance of small lymphocytes and the collapse of the thymic stroma. In 3 high-dose females, lymphoid depletion was accompanied by lymphoid depletion in the PALS (periateriolar lymphocyte sheath areas) in the spleen. The macroscopically observed thymi in 5 control and 7 low dose females exhibited no microscopic abnormalities. In the thymi of the 2 control and 2 low dose females pregnancy/lactation involution was observed. The thymic lobules were decreased in size but exhibited normal structure with the histological appearance of age-involution. Increased glycomeric vacuolation, viz moderate versus very slight was seen in the liver of 4 high dose females and was considered to be a potential cause of the increased weight.
Examination of the reproductive organs revealed a statistically significant increased in the incidence of cysts in the ovaries of 8 high-dose females.
The number of pups delivered per litter was comparable in all groups, 9.8, 10.8, 9.6 and 8.0 in the control, low-, mid- and high-dose groups respectively. The number of liveborn pups was 108, 129, 104 and 64 in the control, low-, mid- and high-dose groups and was considered to be statistically significantly decreased in the high dose group.
The number of stillborn pups in the control, low- and mid-dose groups were 0, in the high-dose group a statistically significant increase was noted, with 8 stillborns recorded (6 of these from the same litter, 1 each in two additional litters).
Pup mortality on post-natal day 4 (PN 4) was comparable in all groups except the high dose groups in which there was a statistically significant increase. 1, 2, 2 and 22 mortalities (incidences 0.9, 1.6, 1.9 and 34.0%) were recorded in the control, low-, mid- and high-dose groups respectively.
Only in the high-dose group, 3 litters were lost entirely between post-natal day 0 and 4.
The number of live pups per litter on PN 1 (9.8, 10.8, 9.6 and 8.0) and PN 4 (9.7, 10.6, 9.4 and 7.0), was not found to be statistically significantly different even though the number of live pups was decreased in the high-dose group on PN1 and 4.
No difference was observed in the sex ratio.
CLINICAL SIGNS (OFFSPRING)
On post-natal day 1, the number of runts was statistically significantly increased in the 250 mg/kg diet group. No other treatment related abnormalities were recorded.
BODY WEIGHT (OFFSPRING)
On post-natal day 1 and 4, a statistically significant decrease in pup bodyweight in the high-dose group was recorded (day 1 mean value for males+females in the high dose group was 4.54 g, compared to 5.08 in the control group). The pup weight change (PN 1-4) was significantly decreased in the male pups of the high-dose group (mean body weight gain of 1.38 g, compared to 2.56 g in the controls). No effects were noted in the other treatment groups.
GROSS PATHOLOGY (OFFSPRING)
Macroscopic evaluation of the stillborn pups revealed 3 partially cannibalized pups and 3 autolytic pups in the high-dose group; the latter pups had no abnormalities. In addition 2 stillborn pup with no abnormalities in the high-dose groups were examined.
Table 1: Test material concentration in experimental diets
Nominal concentration (mg/kg) |
Mean Nominal Measured Concentration (mg/kg) |
Percent of Nominal |
0 (#1) |
<0.05 |
NA |
0 (#2) |
<0.05 |
NA |
0 (#3) |
<0.05 |
NA |
5 (#1) |
4.52 |
90 |
5 (#2) |
4.93 |
99 |
5 (#3) |
4.40 |
88 |
25 (#1) |
24.9 |
100 |
25 (#2) |
26.5 |
106 |
25 (#3) |
26.3 |
105 |
250 (#1) |
247 |
99 |
250 (#2) |
240 |
96 |
250 (#3) |
244 |
98 |
#3: repeated analysis of batch no. 2
Table 2: Summary of relevant treatment related findings
Parameter |
Dose levels |
||
5 mg/kg diet |
25 mg/kg diet |
250 mg/kg diet |
|
Bodyweight: GD 21, PN 1 (females only) |
Decreased |
||
Bodyweight change: GD 14-21 (females only) |
Decreased |
||
Food consumption: PM 7-13 (males) GD 7-14, 14-21 and PN 1-4 (females only) |
Decreased |
||
Bilirubin (females only) |
Increased |
||
Alkaline phosphatase (males only) |
Increased |
||
Relative liver weight (females only) |
Increased |
||
Relative kidney weight (females only) |
Increased |
||
Absolute and/or relative thymus weight |
Decreased |
Decreased |
|
Thymus: lymphoid depletion (males only) |
Increased |
||
Thymus: lymphoid depletion (females only) |
Increased |
Increased |
|
Ovary: cysts (females only) |
Increased |
||
Liver: glycogenic vacuolation (females only) |
Increased |
||
Duration of gestation |
Increased |
Table 3: Reproduction and litter data (high dose group)
Parameter |
High dose group |
Control group |
Mean duration of gestation (days) |
21.7* |
21 |
Number of females with liveborn pups |
8 |
11 |
Gestation index (%) |
80 |
100 |
* Statistically significantly different. |
Effect on fertility: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on fertility: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effects on developmental toxicity
Link to relevant study records
- Endpoint:
- developmental toxicity
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 2018-2020
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 414 (Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study)
- Version / remarks:
- This study was designed to meet the requirements of the OECD test guideline 414
(adopted 25 June 2018) - GLP compliance:
- yes
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- Lot number : VP19-120
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Remarks:
- Crl:WI(Han) from Charles River Laboratories, Margate, UK
- Route of administration:
- oral: gavage
- Vehicle:
- other: Ground Purina Mills Certified Rodent Diet 5002
- Dose / conc.:
- 0 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 80 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- ppm
- Dose / conc.:
- 500 mg/kg diet
- Remarks:
- ppm
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 20 females
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Blood sampling:
- Blood for toxicokinetic evaluations was collected prior to the initiation of dosing on
GD 6, approximately 24 (±1) hours after the initiation of dosing, and at necropsy on
GD 21 - Fetal examinations:
- The progress and outcome of pregnancy were evaluated, and
fetuses were examined for malformations and variations and fetal anogenital distances
were recorded - Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- not examined
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence):
- Test article-related unscheduled deaths occurred for animals provided with 500 ppm
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related reductions in body weights were evident for animals
provided with 500 ppm - Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related reductions in food consumption were evident for animals
provided with 500 ppm, compared with controls - Endocrine findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related reductions in thyroxine (T4) and increases in thyroid
stimulating hormone (TSH) were evident for animals provided with 500 ppm,
compared with controls. - Number of abortions:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- No Aborts observed.
- Total litter losses by resorption:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Two females (Animals R0307 and R0313) provided with 500 ppm had total in utero
litter losses - Dead fetuses:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related lower gravid uterus weights, and weight changes were
evident for females provided with 500 ppm, compared with controls. A higher
incidence of dead fetuses and lower fetal weights were also evident following
maternal exposure of 500 ppm, compared with controls, and considered adverse. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 0.8 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Basis for effect level:
- maternal abnormalities
- Anogenital distance of all rodent fetuses:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- An adverse test article-related effect on anogenital distance was noted for male fetuses
maternally exposed with 500 ppm.
No effect on anogenital distance was evident for female fetuses maternally exposed
with 500 ppm or fetuses of either sex maternally exposed with 20 or 80 ppm. - External malformations:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related fetal malformations and variations were observed
following maternal exposure of 500 ppm. - Key result
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Effect level:
- 3.9 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- not specified
- Basis for effect level:
- skeletal malformations
- Remarks on result:
- other: incomplete ossification of cervical arches
- Abnormalities:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Localisation:
- external: limb
- external: paw
- external: anogenital distance
- other: polydactyly
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Adverse test article-related fetal malformations and variations were observed
following maternal exposure of 500 ppm. - Key result
- Developmental effects observed:
- no
- Conclusions:
- Ad libitum dietary administration of control article (vehicle) or 20, 80, or 500 ppm
Dioctyltin dilaurate (equivalent to nominal dose levels 0, 0.8, 3.9, or 25.4 mg/kg/day,
respectively) to the pregnant rat from GD 6 through 21 resulted in adverse test
article-related effects for animals provided with 500 or 80 ppm, and adversely
affected the developing fetuses following maternal exposure of 500 ppm.
Based on the finding of this study, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for
maternal toxicity is 20 ppm.
Fetuses were not adversely affected by maternal exposure to 80 ppm; as such, the
NOAEL for embryo-fetal development is 80 ppm
Reference
Effect on developmental toxicity: via oral route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no adverse effect observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- 11.8 mg/kg bw/day
Effect on developmental toxicity: via inhalation route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Effect on developmental toxicity: via dermal route
- Endpoint conclusion:
- no study available
Justification for classification or non-classification
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