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EC number: 205-351-5 | CAS number: 139-07-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Dermal absorption
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- dermal absorption in vitro / ex vivo
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- From August 18, 2005 to August 17, 2006
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- study report
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 2 006
- Report date:
- 2006
Materials and methods
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 428 (Skin Absorption: In Vitro Method)
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl C12-C16 (even numbered)-alkyldimethyl chlorides
- EC Number:
- 939-253-5
- Molecular formula:
- C12-16H25-33-(CH3)2-C6H5-N.CL
- IUPAC Name:
- Quaternary ammonium compounds, benzyl C12-C16 (even numbered)-alkyldimethyl chlorides
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material: Alkyl(C12-C16)dimethylbenzylammonium chloride (non-radiolabelled ADBAC) and [14C]-ADBAC (radiolabelled ADBAC)
- Analytical purity: non-radiolabelled: 80.5% pure; radiolabelled: 99.7%
- Composition of test material, percentage of components:
- Lot/batch No.: radiolabelled: 990930; non-radiolabelled: J2220459
- Radiochemical purity (if radiolabelling): 99.7%
- Specific activity (if radiolabelling): 25 mCi/mmol; total radioactivity: 1 mCi/mL in etanol
- Storage condition of test material: non-radiolabelled: ambient temperature in dark - Radiolabelling:
- yes
Test animals
- Species:
- human
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- Human skin membranes, in vitro
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- other: Automated flow-through diffusion cell system
- Vehicle:
- water
- Doses:
- 0.03% (w/w) and 0.3% (w/w), in water
- No. of animals per group:
- In vitro study
- Details on in vitro test system (if applicable):
- Skin preparation:
- Source of skin: Eight samples from Plastic Surgery unit, St. Johns Hospital, West Lothian NHS Trust, Livingston, UK
- Ethical approval if human skin: Yes
- Type of skin: Full-thickness human skin (1 upper arm, 2 abdomen and 5 breast)
- Preparative technique: Skin was transferred to Charles River Laboratories on ice and cleaned of subcutaneous fat and connective tissue using scalpel. Skin was washed in cold running tap water and dried using tissue paper. Each sample was then cut into smaller pieces, wrapped in aluminium foil, put into self sealing plastic bags and stored at -20°C until required. Split-thickness membranes were prepared by pinning the full thickness skin, stratum corneum uppermost, onto a raised cork board and cutting at a setting equivalent to 200-400 µm depth using a Zimmer electric dermatome.
Principles of assay:
- Diffusion cell: Automated flow-through diffusion cell system (Scott/Dick, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK)
- Receptor fluid: Tissue culture medium containing approximately 5% (w/v) bovine serum albumin, 1% (w/v) streptomycin (approximately 0.1 mg/mL), and penicillin G (approximately 100 units/mL)
- Solubility of test substance in receptor fluid:
- Flow-through system: Automated
- Test temperature: The mean temperature 19°C (SD=0.8°C)
- Humidity: The mean relative humidity 35% (SD=0.6%)
Results and discussion
- Total recovery:
- Refer to Table-1
Percutaneous absorptionopen allclose all
- Key result
- Dose:
- 0.03%
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 0.05 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 24 h
- Remarks:
- 96.80% was not absorbed
- Key result
- Dose:
- 0.3%
- Parameter:
- percentage
- Absorption:
- 0.03 %
- Remarks on result:
- other: 24 h
- Remarks:
- 94.68% was not absorbed
Any other information on results incl. tables
- Low dose (0.030%):
The mean mass balance was 99.03% of the applied dose (3.09 μg equiv./cm2). The mean dislodgeable dose was 60.53% of the applied dose (1.89 μg equiv./cm2). The mean total unabsorbed dose was 96.80% of the applied dose (3.02 μg equiv./cm2). This consisted of the dislodgeable dose, unexposed skin (0.02%) and the radioactivity associated with the stratum corneum (36.25%). The stratum corneum acted as a good barrier to the test substance as the bulk of the radioactivity (30.26%) was recovered in the outermost 5 tape strips (tape strips 1-5). Considerably less radioactivity was recovered with each of the subsequent 3 groups of tape strips (3.20%, 1.82% and 0.97% in tape strips 6-10, 11-15 and 16-20 respectively), suggesting that the test substance would be sloughed off with the skin in the future. The absorbed dose (0.05%, or <0.01 μg equiv./cm2) was the sum of the receptor fluid (0.05%) and the receptor rinse (<0.01%). Dermal delivery (2.22%, or 0.07 μg equiv./cm2) was the sum of the absorbed dose and the exposed skin (2.18%). There was no apparent lag time and the fluxes ranges from 0.03 to 0.12 ng equiv./cm2/h over the 1 to 24-h exposure period.
- High dose (0.300%):
The mean mass balance was 96.84% of the applied dose (29.91 μg equiv./cm2). The dislodgeable dose was 77.87% of the applied dose (24.05 μg equiv./cm2). The mean total unabsorbed dose was 94.68% of the applied dose (29.24 μg equiv./cm2). This consisted of the dislodgeable dose, unexposed skin (0.17%) and the radioactivity associated with the stratum corneum (16.64%). The stratum corneum acted as a good barrier to the test item as the bulk of the radioactivity (10.86%) was recovered in the outermost 5 tape strips (tape strips 1-5). Considerably less radioactivity was recovered with each of the subsequent 3 groups of tape strips (3.11%, 1.71% and 0.96% in tape strips 6-10, 11-15 and 16-20, respectively), again suggesting that the test item would be sloughed off with the skin in the future. The absorbed dose (0.03%, or 0.01 μg equiv./cm2) was the sum of the receptor fluid (0.03%) and the receptor rinse (<0.01%). Dermal delivery (2.16%, or 0.67 μg equiv./cm2) was the sum of the absorbed dose and the exposed skin (2.13%). There was no apparent lag time. There was no apparent lag time and the fluxes ranges from 0.22 to 0.74 ng equiv./cm2/h over the 1 to 24-h exposure period.
Table 1. Summary of recoveries after 24h
Test Preparation |
Low Concentration |
High Concentration |
Target test substance concentration (%, w/w) |
0.03 |
0.30 |
Test substance concentration by Radioactivity (%, w/w) |
0.031 |
0.306 |
Test preparation application rate (mg/cm2)a |
10.01 |
10.09 |
Test substance application Rate (μg equiv./cm2) |
3.12 |
30.87 |
Dislodgeable Dose (% Applied Dose) |
60.53 |
77.87 |
Unabsorbed Dose (% Applied Dose) |
96.80 |
94.68 |
Absorbed Dose (% Applied Dose) |
0.05 |
0.03 |
Dermal Delivery (% Applied Dose) |
2.22 |
2.16 |
Mass Balance (% Applied Dose) |
99.03 |
96.84 |
Dislodgeable Dose (μg equiv./cm2) |
1.89 |
24.05 |
Unabsorbed Dose (μg equiv./cm2) |
3.02 |
29.24 |
Absorbed Dose (μg equiv./cm2) |
<0.01 |
0.01 |
Dermal Delivery (μg equiv./cm2) |
0.07 |
0.67 |
Mass Balance (μg equiv./cm2) |
3.09 |
29.91 |
a mg of test preparation per cm of skin
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- Under the conditions of the study, the mean absorbed dose and mean dermal deliveries were determined to be 0.05% and 2.22% of the applied dose for the low concentration test preparation and 0.03% and 2.16% of the applied dose for the high concentration test preparation, respectively. The maximum fluxes for the low and high doses were 0.12 ηg equivalent /cm2/h and 0.74 ηg equivalent /cm2/h, respectively, at 2 h, indicating low absorption potential.
- Executive summary:
An in vitro study was conducted to determine the rate and extent of dermal absorption of the test substance, C12-16 ADBAC (80.5% active; 81.2% radiolabelled purity), according to OECD Guideline 428, in compliance with GLP. The study was conducted with radiolabelled test substance at 0.03% and 0.3% concentrations, which was topically applied over split-thickness human skin membranes mounted into flow-through diffusion cells. Receptor fluid was pumped underneath the skin at a flow rate of 1.5 mL/hour. The skin surface temperature was maintained at approximately 32°C. A barrier integrity test using tritiated water was performed and any skin sample exhibiting a permeability coefficient (kp) greater than 2.5 x 10-3 cm/h was excluded from subsequent absorption measurements. The 14C- radiolabelled test substance was applied at an application rate of 10 mg/cm2. Absorption was assessed by collecting receptor fluid in hourly intervals from 0-6 h post dose and then in 2-hourly intervals from 6-24 h post dose. At 24 h post dose, the exposure was terminated by washing and drying the skin. The stratum corneum was then removed from the skin by 20 successive tape strips. All samples were analysed by liquid scintillation counting.Under the conditions of the study, the mean absorbed dose and mean dermal deliveries were determined to be 0.05% (0.01 ηg equiv. /cm2) and 2.22% (0.07 ηg equivalent/cm2) of the applied dose for the low concentration test preparation, respectively, and 0.03% (0.01 ηg equivalent /cm2) and 2.16% (0.67 ηg equivalent/cm2) of the applied dose for the high concentration test preparation, respectively. The stratum corneum acted as a barrier to absorption, with the mean total unabsorbed doses (recovered in skin wash, tissue swabs, pipette tips, cell wash, stratum corneum and unexposed skin) of 96.80 and 94.68% of the applied dose for the low and high concentration test preparations, respectively. The maximum fluxes for the low and high doses were 0.12 ηg equivalent /cm2/h and 0.74 ηg equivalent /cm2/h, respectively, at 2 h (Roper, 2006).
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