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Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 233-710-6 | CAS number: 10325-94-7
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: inhalation
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- No information
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: Reliable with restriction. Not according to GLP Method not in compliance with ER 67/548/EEC, Annex V and OECD test guidelines.
Cross-referenceopen allclose all
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to other study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Early signs of oral and inhalative cadmium uptake in rats
- Author:
- Prigge E
- Year:
- 1 978
- Bibliographic source:
- Arch. Toxicol. 40:231-247
Materials and methods
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A repeated dose inhalation exposure study was conducted in female Wistar rats to determine the effects of the test material on lungs. Female Wistar rats were exposed to concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg Cd/m³ (as cadmium oxide), continuous for 90 d in the 25 and 50 μg Cd/m3 groups, and for 63 d in the last group.
- GLP compliance:
- no
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Cadmium oxide
- EC Number:
- 215-146-2
- EC Name:
- Cadmium oxide
- Cas Number:
- 1306-19-0
- IUPAC Name:
- oxocadmium
- Details on test material:
- -Name of the test material - CdO
Constituent 1
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Wistar
- Sex:
- female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Weight at study initiation: 170-190 g
Administration / exposure
- Route of administration:
- inhalation: aerosol
- Type of inhalation exposure:
- not specified
- Vehicle:
- other: unchanged (no vehicle)
- Remarks on MMAD:
- MMAD / GSD: MMAD: 0.19 µm
- Details on inhalation exposure:
- Median aerodynamic diameter of the test material particle: 0.19 µm
- Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- yes
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- No information
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 d at 25 and 50 µg Cd/m3; 63 d at 100 µg Cd/m3
- Frequency of treatment:
- 24 hr/d
Doses / concentrations
- Remarks:
- Doses / Concentrations:
25, 50, 100 µg/ Cd/m3
Basis:
nominal conc.
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 12
- Control animals:
- yes
- Details on study design:
- Post-exposure period: 63-90 d
- Positive control:
- No information
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- Clinical observations performed and frequency: no information
- Sacrifice and pathology:
- Autopsy: microscopic and macroscopic examination: lungs, liver, kidneys (for six rats in each group)
- Other examinations:
- no
- Statistics:
- one way analysis of variance, followed by multiple test for differences of means according to Scheffé; Student's t-test
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Mortality:
- mortality observed, treatment-related
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Urinalysis findings:
- not examined
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Gross pathological findings:
- not examined
- Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- not specified
- Details on results:
- CLINICAL SIGNS AND MORTALITY: 5/12 animals exposed to 100 µg/m3 died between Days 45 and 60
BODY WEIGHT AND WEIGHT GAIN: there were significant dose dependent reductions of body weight gain after inhalative cadmium uptake in the two
higher dosage groups
FOOD CONSUMPTION: no information
FOOD EFFICIENCY: no information
WATER CONSUMPTION: no information
OPHTHALMOSCOPIC EXAMINATION: no information
HAEMATOLOGY: inhalation of cadmium oxide evoked a significant dose dependent increase of hemoglobin and hematocrit
CLINICAL CHEMISTRY: no influence of cadmium oxide on alkaline phosphatase activity (in serum) and on iron concentration (serum). There was a significant decrease of blood pH and pO2 and a significant increase of PCO2 in the high exposure group.
URINALYSIS: no information
NEUROBEHAVIOUR: no information
ORGAN WEIGHTS: there was a significant increase of lung weight in dependence of the aerosol concentration. No significant change in liver weight
GROSS PATHOLOGY: no information
Effect levels
- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Effect level:
- 25 other: µg/m3
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: cell proliferations of the bronchi, bronchioli and alveoli, indicating hyperplasia of the lungs; histiocytic cell granulomas
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- not specified
Any other information on results incl. tables
Histopathology incidence and severity
|
Animal Number |
Lung Prolife-rations |
Emphy-semas |
Histio-cytic cell granu-lomas |
Xanth-oma cells |
Atelec-tasis |
Lympho-cytic infiltrates |
Hyper-aemic areas |
0 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
(+)
(+) (+) |
++ + + + (+) (+) |
(+) |
|
+ + + + + + |
+ + + + + |
|
25 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
++ + +++ ++ +++ +++ |
+ + ++ + ++ ++ |
+ + + +
+ |
+ ++ +++ + ++ ++ |
+ + + +
|
+ + +
+ +++ |
+
+
+ |
50 |
1 2 3 4 5 6 |
++ ++ ++ +++ +++ ++ |
+ +++ + +++ + + |
++
++ ++ +
|
++ ++ +
|
++ + + + + + |
+ + + + + + |
+ ++ +++ |
|
Liver |
Kidney |
||
|
Lympho-cytic infiltrates |
Hyper-aemic areas |
Swollen tubulus |
Hype-raemic areas |
|
+ + (+) |
(+) |
+ + |
|
|
+ + |
+ + |
+ + + |
|
+ + |
(+) (+) |
+ (+) + |
+ + (+) |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- A marked increase of lung weight was found together with no signs of oedema. Histologically, there were cell proliferations of the bronchi, bronchioli and alveoli in all exposed animals, indicating hyperplasia of the lungs. Additionally, histiocytic cell granulomas occurred and emphysematic areas
were detected. There was an impairment of gas exchange in the high exposed group. Pulmonary changes did preceed the renal damage (assessed by protein and alkaline phosphatase excretion, histological examination of the kidneys) - Executive summary:
A repeated dose inhalation exposure study was conducted in female Wistar rats to determine the effects of the test material on lungs.
Female Wistar rats were exposed to concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg Cd/m³ (as cadmium oxide), continuous for 90 d in the 25 and 50 μg Cd/m3 groups, and for 63 d in the last group (MMAD: 0.19 μm, standard deviation: 1.5).
No clinical signs were reported. A marked increase of lung weight was found together with no signs of oedema. Histologically, there were cell proliferations of the bronchi, bronchioli and alveoli in all exposed animals, indicating hyperplasia of the lungs. Additionally, histiocytic cell granulomas occurred and emphysematic areas were detected. There was an impairment of gas exchange in the high exposed group. Pulmonary changes did preceed the renal damage (assessed by protein and alkaline phosphatase excretion, histological examination of the kidneys).
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