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EC number: 256-032-2 | CAS number: 42978-66-5
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_toxicological-information.png)
Repeated dose toxicity: dermal
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- sub-chronic toxicity: dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Jun - Sep 1981
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Reference
- Endpoint:
- neurotoxicity: sub-chronic dermal
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- Jun - Sep 1981
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- study well documented, meets generally accepted scientific principles, acceptable for assessment
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 424 (Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 411 (Subchronic Dermal Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The subchronic dermal application of the test substance to the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied to assess potential neurotoxic and other local and systemic effects.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): C-178
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: 100% active ingredient
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature - Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: 41 days (age: 28 days at receipt)
- Weight at study initiation: week 0 males: 157-163 g; week 0 females: 133-139 g
- Housing: individually in elevated stainless steel cages
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12 - Route of administration:
- dermal
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: the back of the rats
- % coverage: no data
- Type of wrap if used: not occluded no further data
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: all animals were clipped ca. 23 h prior to initial dose. The animals were reclipped when necessary.
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2.077 ml/kg
- Concentration (if solution): 1.0, 3.33 and 10.0 %
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): immiscible with water
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2.077 ml 7kg of the test substance in corn oil
- Concentration (if solution): 1.0, 3.33 and 10.0 % of the test substance in corn oil
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: no data - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- the remaining samples of weekly dosing solutions for each dose were returned to the sponsor for analysis, no further data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 Days
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily, 5 days/week
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 66.666 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
- Observations and clinical examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- Cage side observations: for mortality and gross signs of toxicologic or pharmacologic effects
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly including signs of local or systemic toxicity, pharmacologic effects and palpation for tissue masses
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: twice pretest, weekly during treatment and terminally (after fasting)
OTHER:
- blood was obtained from over night fasted rats via venipuncture of the orbital sinus under light ether anestehsia, the same animals were used that were intended for formalin-fixation (5/sex/dose).
- hematology upon termination: hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, clotting time, total and differential, leukocytes, erythrocytes morphology
- clinical chemistry upon termination: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, fasting glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus
- urinanalysis 6 days before termination: gross appearance, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, occult blood - Specific biochemical examinations:
- no data
- Neurobehavioural examinations performed and frequency:
- - Neurological Function Evaluations: Yes
- Time interval: monthly
- Parameters examined according to a scoring system: posture, gait, muscular tone, reflexes (corneal), righting and toe-pinch
- no further data - Sacrifice and (histo)pathology:
- One-half of the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under light ether anesthesia, and selected organs and tissues were fixed
in formalin. Organ and organ-body weight ratios (adrenals, brain, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, testes with epididymides, ovaries) were determined on all of these animals only. Histopathological evaluations of 10 organs or tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, stomach, adrenal, pituitary, testes, ovaries,
spleen and skeletal muscle) were conducted on all formalin-fixed control animals and the high dose animals. The remaining animals were perfused
intravenously with glutaraldehyde under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia . Quantitative assessments of teased tibial nerve preparations were
performed on all glutaraldehyde-perfused animals in control animals and the high dose animals. In addition, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were evaluated microscopically (hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast blue staining) from these same animals. - Positive control:
- no positive control included
- Statistics:
- Body weight, hematology and clinical chemistry parameters, organ weights and organ/body weight ratios were analyzed. Mean values of
all dose groups were compared to control at each time interval. - Clinical signs:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weekly physical examinations of all animals failed to indicate any toxic effects of the test material other than irritation at the application site. Alopecia observed on the forepaws and legs was the most common finding in both sexes; however, the incidence was spread over all test groups, including control.
- Dermal irritation (if dermal study):
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The test substance produced moderate levels of irritation, in a dose-related manner, beginning the first week of the study. Males were generally more susceptible than females to the dermal effects of the test substance throughout the study. Dermal effects (erythema and eschar formation) were only scored as present or absent therefore, the number of times per week the effects were noted was used as a general indication of the severity of the dermal observations.
- 20 mg/kg/day: erythema noted occassionally during the final 2 months; more frequently in the initial 3 weeks; exfoliation observed in approximately one-half during weeks 2 and 3 with diminishing frequency
- 66.6 mg/kg/day: erythema noted with a somewhat higher frequency than 20 mg/kg/day, frequency in females comparable to control. Exfoliation and eschar recorded for most animals by week 3.
- 200 mg/kg/day: erythema, exfoliation, and eschar seen in most animals of both sexes beginning in week 1. Atonia was observed in one males and one female, fissures present in one female and four males. A persistant fissuring was observed in one male rat from week 2 through week 7.
Males appeared somewhat more sensitive than females to erythema and eschar formation. - Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- All animals survived to the scheduled termination of the study.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Significantly reduced body weights in high dose male rats (versus control male rats) were noted from weeks 3 through 12, except during weeks 10 and 11. Male rat weights of the low and mid dose groups were also reduced in dose-related fashion, but the differences were not statistically significant in comparison to control values. No statistically significant effects on weight were seen in treated female rats, however, high dose female animals never exceeded 95% of the mean weights of control females after 2 weeks on test.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Of the clinical chemical parameters which were determined at the study termination, none were affected in a manner suggestive of a treatment-effect.
- Urinalysis findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Protein (2+, 100 mg/dl) was confirmed to be present in the urine of one mid-dose male and female, in two high-dose males and one high-dose female. A large amount of occult blood was also present in the urine of this one high-dose female. The specific gravity of this high-dose female and one mid-dose female was also high (>1.090). These findings suggested a possible effect of the test substance on the kidneys, but no alterations were observed in the histopathological examination to support this conclusion. Additionally, without relation to urinary volumes and creatinine, the relevance of in urinary protein concentration is questionable. All in all, the singular changes are not considered adverse by the registrant.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was a significant downward trend in male liver weights; however, this was not evident in the liver/body weight ratio and is therefore of doubtful significance. Other organ weights and organ/body weight ratios were comparable across all groups.
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Formalin-fixed rats:
No changes, gross or microscopic, were evident which could be attributed to a systemic toxic effect of the test substance. The most common spontaneous gross necropsy findings, occurring across all groups, were inflammations around the ear tags, and slight hair loss on the extremities. No unusual microscopic pathological findings were evident which could be attributed to the topical administration of the test substance. - Neuropathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Month 1 neurological function tests showed two high-dose males with slightly reduced corneal response. All other evaluations were normal.
Month 2 neurological function tests were unremarkable in control, low and mid dose animals (both sexes). Four high dose males and three high dose females showed slightly abnormal gait described as "stilted". A slight decreased corneal reflex was observed in four males and one female. A moderately decreased toe pinch response (hindtoes only) was also present in one male rat.
Month 3 neurological function tests showed a slightly stilted gait and altered righting reflex in one male control rat and a slightly relaxed body tone in one mid dose male rat. One male high dose animal continued to exhibit a moderately decreased toe-pinch response (hindtoes only) . All
neurological observations were normal in both the control and treated female rats at Month 3. - Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Glutaraldehyde-perfused rats:
Histopathological examinations of hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast Blue stained slides of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve from ten rats (5/sex) treated with the high dose of the test substance failed to reveal any treatment-related lesions when these tissues were compared to similar ones from ten control rats (5/sex). In addition, microscopic examination of 50 teased nerve fibers from the tibial nerve of ten high-dose animals (5/sex) were comparable to those of the controls. When quantitative measurements were taken of myelinated nerve fibers in cross-section of the distal sciatic nerve, a slight shift to larger diameters could be detected in high-dose males when compared to the controls. However, there was also a slight decrease in fiber diameters in treated females. The relatively large standard deviation in data from both males and females suggest that these slight changes in fiber diameters are not significant. Moreover, the absence of lesions by more conventional histopathological examinations substantiate this conclusion. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- for neurotoxicity
- Effect level:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no adverse effects observed
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 66.6 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- integumentary
- Organ:
- skin
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
- Conclusions:
- The test substance did not induce neurotoxicity and no sub-chronic toxicity other than dermal irritation and decreased body weight was observed in animals, under the conditions tested. Thus, the NOAEL for neurotoxic effects was considered to be greater than 200 mg/kg/day.
- Executive summary:
The sub-chronic dermal application of the test substance to the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied to assess potential neurotoxic and other local and systemic toxic effects. Three groups of 20 rats each (10/sex/level) were treated topically with 20, 66 2/3, and 200 mg/kg/day 5 days per week for 3 months. Twenty control animals (10/sex) were treated with corn oil. Solutions at appropriate levels were prepared in corn oil and a constant dose volume (2.077 ml/kg) was applied to all animals. Treatment sites were not occluded. Dermal observations were performed pretest and 5 times/week throughout the study. Clinical laboratory studies were performed at termination. Neurological function evaluations were performed at months 1, 2, and 3. At three months, all animals were terminated. One-half of the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under light ether anesthesia, and selected organs and tissues were fixed in formalin. Organ and organ body weight ratios were determined on all of these animals only. Histopathological evaluations of 10 organs or tissues were conducted on all formalin-fixed Group 1 and 4 animals. The remaining animals were perfused intravenously with glutaraldehyde under sodium pentobarbital aesthesia. Quantitative assessments of teased tibial nerve preparations were performed on all glutaraldehyde-perfused animals in Group 1 and 4. In addition, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were evaluated microscopically (hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast Blue staining) from these same animals. Erythema, eschar and exfoliation were recorded during the initial week of the study and maximum frequency of these effects were seen during Weeks 2 and 3. A dose-response was noted, with males being slightly more susceptible. In the last 2 months of the study most treated animals developed an apparent tolerance to the irritant effects of the test substance. Significantly lower body weights were recorded throughout the study for Group IV males (200 mg/kg/day). Body weights for female rats and Group II and III male rats were not significantly affected. Routine toxicologic and pharmacologic signs were unremarkable throughout the study. Month 2 neurologic evaluations showed an effect on gait in 4 of 10 male and 3 of 10 female Group IV rats. Reduced corneal reflex was also seen in some rats in this group; however, Month 3 evaluations failed to show these effects. Hematological and clinical chemistry parameters appeared unaffected by treatment with the test substance. However, there was a dose-related increase in urinary protein values in both sexes. Organ weights, gross necropsy observations and microscopic studies did not reveal any systemic toxic effects. Using tibial nerve teasing techniques, no morphometric differences were found between Group land Group IV glutaraldehyde perfused rats. Quantitative assessment of tibial nerve fiber cross-sections showed slightly increased diameters for males and slightly decreased diameters for females. These changes were not considered to be treatment-related.
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Unnamed
- Year:
- 1 992
- Report date:
- 1992
Materials and methods
Test guidelineopen allclose all
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline 411 (Subchronic Dermal Toxicity: 90-Day Study)
- Qualifier:
- equivalent or similar to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: OECD Guideline 424 (Neurotoxicity Study in Rodents)
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- The subchronic dermal application of the test substance to the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied to assess potential neurotoxic and other local and systemic effects.
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
- Limit test:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- (1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis[oxy(methyl-2,1-ethanediyl)] diacrylate
- EC Number:
- 256-032-2
- EC Name:
- (1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis[oxy(methyl-2,1-ethanediyl)] diacrylate
- Cas Number:
- 42978-66-5
- Molecular formula:
- C15 H24 O6
- IUPAC Name:
- (1-methyl-1,2-ethanediyl)bis[oxy(methyl-2,1-ethanediyl)] diacrylate
- Test material form:
- liquid
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): C-178
- Physical state: liquid
- Analytical purity: 100% active ingredient
- Storage condition of test material: room temperature
Test animals
- Species:
- rat
- Strain:
- Sprague-Dawley
- Sex:
- male/female
- Details on test animals or test system and environmental conditions:
- TEST ANIMALS
- Source: Charles River Breeding Laboratories
- Age at study initiation: 41 days (age: 28 days at receipt)
- Weight at study initiation: week 0 males: 157-163 g; week 0 females: 133-139 g
- Housing: individually in elevated stainless steel cages
- Diet: ad libitum
- Water: ad libitum
- Acclimation period: 14 days
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
- Photoperiod (hrs dark / hrs light): 12/12
Administration / exposure
- Type of coverage:
- other: not occluded
- Vehicle:
- corn oil
- Details on exposure:
- TEST SITE
- Area of exposure: the back of the rats
- % coverage: no data
- Type of wrap if used: not occluded no further data
- Time intervals for shavings or clipplings: all animals were clipped ca. 23 h prior to initial dose. The animals were reclipped when necessary.
TEST MATERIAL
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2.077 ml/kg
- Concentration (if solution): 1.0, 3.33 and 10.0 %
- Constant volume or concentration used: yes
VEHICLE
- Justification for use and choice of vehicle (if other than water): immiscible with water
- Amount(s) applied (volume or weight with unit): 2.077 ml 7kg of the test substance in corn oil
- Concentration (if solution): 1.0, 3.33 and 10.0 % of the test substance in corn oil
USE OF RESTRAINERS FOR PREVENTING INGESTION: no data - Analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- not specified
- Details on analytical verification of doses or concentrations:
- the remaining samples of weekly dosing solutions for each dose were returned to the sponsor for analysis, no further data
- Duration of treatment / exposure:
- 90 days
- Frequency of treatment:
- daily, 5 days/week
Doses / concentrationsopen allclose all
- Dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 66.666 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Dose / conc.:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- No. of animals per sex per dose:
- 10
- Control animals:
- yes, concurrent vehicle
Examinations
- Observations and examinations performed and frequency:
- CAGE SIDE OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: twice daily
- Cage side observations: for mortality and gross signs of toxicologic or pharmacologic effects
DETAILED CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS: Yes
- Time schedule: weekly including signs of local or systemic toxicity, pharmacologic effects and palpation for tissue masses
BODY WEIGHT: Yes
- Time schedule for examinations: twice pretest, weekly during treatment and terminally (after fasting)
OTHER:
- blood was obtained from over night fasted rats via venipuncture of the orbital sinus under light ether anestehsia, the same animals were used that were intended for formalin-fixation (5/sex/dose).
- hematology upon termination: hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, clotting time, total and differential, leukocytes, erythrocytes morphology
- clinical chemistry upon termination: serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, blood urea nitrogen, fasting glucose, total protein, total bilirubin, sodium, potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphorus
- urinanalysis 6 days before termination: gross appearance, specific gravity, pH, protein, glucose, occult blood - Sacrifice and pathology:
- One-half of the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under light ether anesthesia, and selected organs and tissues were fixed
in formalin. Organ and organ-body weight ratios (adrenals, brain, liver, kidney, heart, spleen, testes with epididymides, ovaries) were determined on all of these animals only. Histopathological evaluations of 10 organs or tissues (liver, kidney, lung, heart, stomach, adrenal, pituitary, testes, ovaries,
spleen and skeletal muscle) were conducted on all formalin-fixed control animals and the high dose animals. The remaining animals were perfused
intravenously with glutaraldehyde under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia . Quantitative assessments of teased tibial nerve preparations were
performed on all glutaraldehyde-perfused animals in control animals and the high dose animals. In addition, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were evaluated microscopically (hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast blue staining) from these same animals. - Other examinations:
- - neurologic functions were evaluated monthly
- Parameters examined according to a scoring system: posture, gait, muscular tone, reflexes (corneal), righting and toe-pinch
- no further data - Statistics:
- Body weight, hematology and clinical chemistry parameters, organ weights and organ/body weight ratios were analyzed. Mean values of
all dose groups were compared to control at each time interval.
Results and discussion
Results of examinations
- Clinical signs:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Weekly physical examinations of all animals failed to indicate any toxic effects of the test material other than irritation at the application site. Alopecia observed on the forepaws and legs was the most common finding in both sexes; however, the incidence was spread over all test groups, including control.
- Dermal irritation:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- The test substance produced moderate levels of irritation, in a dose-related manner, beginning the first week of the study. Males were generally more susceptible than females to the dermal effects of the test substance throughout the study. Dermal effects (erythema and eschar formation) were only scored as present or absent therefore, the number of times per week the effects were noted was used as a general indication of the severity of the dermal observations.
- 20 mg/kg/day: erythema noted occassionally during the final 2 months; more frequently in the initial 3 weeks; exfoliation observed in approximately one-half during weeks 2 and 3 with diminishing frequency
- 66.6 mg/kg/day: erythema noted with a somewhat higher frequency than 20 mg/kg/day, frequency in females comparable to control. Exfoliation and eschar recorded for most animals by week 3.
- 200 mg/kg/day: erythema, exfoliation, and eschar seen in most animals of both sexes beginning in week 1. Atonia was observed in one males and one female, fissures present in one female and four males. A persistant fissuring was observed in one male rat from week 2 through week 7.
Males appeared somewhat more sensitive than females to erythema and eschar formation. - Mortality:
- no mortality observed
- Description (incidence):
- All animals survived to the scheduled termination of the study.
- Body weight and weight changes:
- effects observed, treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Significantly reduced body weights in high dose male rats (versus control male rats) were noted from weeks 3 through 12, except during weeks 10 and 11. Male rat weights of the low and mid dose groups were also reduced in dose-related fashion, but the differences were not statistically significant in comparison to control values. No statistically significant effects on weight were seen in treated female rats, however, high dose female animals never exceeded 95% of the mean weights of control females after 2 weeks on test.
- Food consumption and compound intake (if feeding study):
- not examined
- Food efficiency:
- not examined
- Water consumption and compound intake (if drinking water study):
- not examined
- Ophthalmological findings:
- not examined
- Haematological findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- None of the hematologic parameters evaluated differed significantly from control values.
- Clinical biochemistry findings:
- no effects observed
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Of the clinical chemical parameters which were determined at the study termination, none were affected in a manner suggestive of a treatment-effect.
- Urinalysis findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Protein (2+, 100 mg/dl) was confirmed to be present in the urine of one mid-dose male and female, in two high-dose males and one high-dose female. A large amount of occult blood was also present in the urine of this one high-dose female. The specific gravity of this high-dose female and one mid-dose female was also high (>1.090). These findings suggested a possible effect of the test substance on the kidneys, but no alterations were observed in the histopathological examination to support this conclusion. Additionally, without relation to urinary volumes and creatinine, the relevance of in urinary protein concentration is questionable. All in all, the singular changes are not considered adverse by the registrant.
- Behaviour (functional findings):
- not examined
- Immunological findings:
- not examined
- Organ weight findings including organ / body weight ratios:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- There was a significant downward trend in male liver weights; however, this was not evident in the liver/body weight ratio and is therefore of doubtful significance. Other organ weights and organ/body weight ratios were comparable across all groups.
- Gross pathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Formalin-fixed rats:
No changes, gross or microscopic, were evident which could be attributed to a systemic toxic effect of the test substance. The most common spontaneous gross necropsy findings, occurring across all groups, were inflammations around the ear tags, and slight hair loss on the extremities. No unusual microscopic pathological findings were evident which could be attributed to the topical administration of the test substance. - Neuropathological findings:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Month 1 neurological function tests showed two high-dose males with slightly reduced corneal response. All other evaluations were normal.
Month 2 neurological function tests were unremarkable in control, low and mid dose animals (both sexes). Four high dose males and three high dose females showed slightly abnormal gait described as "stilted". A slight decreased corneal reflex was observed in four males and one female. A moderately decreased toe pinch response (hindtoes only) was also present in one male rat.
Month 3 neurological function tests showed a slightly stilted gait and altered righting reflex in one male control rat and a slightly relaxed body tone in one mid dose male rat. One male high dose animal continued to exhibit a moderately decreased toe-pinch response (hindtoes only) . All neurological observations were normal in both the control and treated female rats at Month 3. - Histopathological findings: non-neoplastic:
- effects observed, non-treatment-related
- Description (incidence and severity):
- Glutaraldehyde-perfused rats:
Histopathological examinations of hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast Blue stained slides of brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve from ten rats (5/sex) treated with the high dose of the test substance failed to reveal any treatment-related lesions when these tissues were compared to similar ones from ten control rats (5/sex). In addition, microscopic examination of 50 teased nerve fibers from the tibial nerve of ten high-dose animals (5/sex) were comparable to those of the controls. When quantitative measurements were taken of myelinated nerve fibers in cross-section of the distal sciatic nerve, a slight shift to larger diameters could be detected in high-dose males when compared to the controls. However, there was also a slight decrease in fiber diameters in treated females. The relatively large standard deviation in data from both males and females suggest that these slight changes in fiber diameters are not significant. Moreover, the absence of lesions by more conventional histopathological examinations substantiate this conclusion. - Histopathological findings: neoplastic:
- no effects observed
Effect levels
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- Dose descriptor:
- LOAEL
- Remarks:
- skin irritation
- Effect level:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male/female
- Basis for effect level:
- dermal irritation
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- for systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 66.66 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- male
- Basis for effect level:
- body weight and weight gain
- Dose descriptor:
- NOAEL
- Remarks:
- for systemic toxicity
- Effect level:
- 200 mg/kg bw/day
- Based on:
- test mat.
- Sex:
- female
- Basis for effect level:
- other: no adverse effects observed
Target system / organ toxicity
- Critical effects observed:
- yes
- Lowest effective dose / conc.:
- 20 mg/kg bw/day (nominal)
- System:
- integumentary
- Organ:
- skin
- Treatment related:
- yes
- Dose response relationship:
- yes
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The test substance did not induce neurotoxicity and no sub-chronic toxicity other than dermal irritation and decreased body weight was observed in animals, under the conditions tested. Thus, the NOAEL for local effects was considered to be 20 mg/kg/day and the NOAEL for systemic effects (based on body weight) was concluded to be 66.6 mg/kg/day.
- Executive summary:
The sub-chronic dermal application of the test substance to the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats was studied to assess potential neurotoxic and other local and systemic toxic effects. Three groups of 20 rats each (10/sex/level) were treated topically with 20, 66 2/3, and 200 mg/kg/day 5 days per week for 3 months. Twenty control animals (10/sex) were treated with corn oil. Solutions at appropriate levels were prepared in corn oil and a constant dose volume (2.077 ml/kg) was applied to all animals. Treatment sites were not occluded. Dermal observations were performed pretest and 5 times/week throughout the study. Clinical laboratory studies were performed at termination. Neurological function evaluations were performed at months 1, 2, and 3. At three months, all animals were terminated. One-half of the animals were sacrificed by exsanguination under light ether anesthesia, and selected organs and tissues were fixed in formalin. Organ and organ body weight ratios were determined on all of these animals only. Histopathological evaluations of 10 organs or tissues were conducted on all formalin-fixed Group 1 and 4 animals. The remaining animals were perfused intravenously with glutaraldehyde under sodium pentobarbital aesthesia. Quantitative assessments of teased tibial nerve preparations were performed on all glutaraldehyde-perfused animals in Group 1 and 4. In addition, brain, spinal cord and sciatic nerve were evaluated microscopically (hematoxylin and eosin and Luxol-fast Blue staining) from these same animals. Erythema, eschar and exfoliation were recorded during the initial week of the study and maximum frequency of these effects were seen during Weeks 2 and 3. A dose-response was noted, with males being slightly more susceptible. In the last 2 months of the study most treated animals developed an apparent tolerance to the irritant effects of the test substance. Significantly lower body weights were recorded throughout the study for Group IV males (200 mg/kg/day). Body weights for female rats and Group II and III male rats were not significantly affected. Routine toxicologic and pharmacologic signs were unremarkable throughout the study. Month 2 neurologic evaluations showed an effect on gait in 4 of 10 male and 3 of 10 female Group IV rats. Reduced corneal reflex was also seen in some rats in this group; however, Month 3 evaluations failed to show these effects. Hematological and clinical chemistry parameters appeared unaffected by treatment with the test substance. However, there was a dose-related increase in urinary protein values in both sexes. Organ weights, gross necropsy observations and microscopic studies did not reveal any systemic toxic effects. Using tibial nerve teasing techniques, no morphometric differences were found between Group land Group IV glutaraldehyde perfused rats. Quantitative assessment of tibial nerve fiber cross-sections showed slightly increased diameters for males and slightly decreased diameters for females. These changes were not considered to be treatment-related.
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