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EC number: 262-104-4 | CAS number: 60207-90-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
Phototransformation in soil
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
- Endpoint:
- phototransformation in soil
- Type of information:
- experimental study
- Adequacy of study:
- key study
- Study period:
- 12 Jun 2012 to 06 Sep 2013
- Reliability:
- 1 (reliable without restriction)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- guideline study
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- OECD Guideline draft (Phototransformation of Chemicals on Soil Surfaces)
- Version / remarks:
- January 2002
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: EPA Guideline OPPTS 835.2410 (Photodegradation in Soil)
- Version / remarks:
- October 2008
- Deviations:
- no
- Qualifier:
- according to guideline
- Guideline:
- other: ECC Directive 95/36/EC (Supplementary Studies/Soil Photolysis)
- Version / remarks:
- 14 July 1995
- Deviations:
- no
- GLP compliance:
- yes (incl. QA statement)
- Radiolabelling:
- yes
- Analytical monitoring:
- yes
- Analytical method:
- high-performance liquid chromatography
- other:
- Details on sampling:
- See Table 1 in 'Any other information on materials and methods incl. tables'.
- Details on soil:
- - Name: Gartenacker
- Sampling location: Les Barges, Switzerland
- GPS Coordinates of collection site: 46.3313 N, 6.9241 E
- Date of collection: 15-September-2011
- Pesticide History: No pesticide use in the last 5 years
- Sampling depth: 5-20 cm
- Storage conditions: ~4ºC
- Soil preparation: Moist soil screened through 2mm sieve
- Particle size: 5 % w/w clay (<2 µm); 54 % w/w silt (50-2 µm); 41 % w/w sand (2000-50 µm)
- Texture (USDA): Silt Loam
- pH (water) 1:1 (soil to water weight ratio): 7.2
- pH (0.01M CaCl2) 1:1: 7.0
- Organic matter: 4.7 %
- Organic carbon: 2.7 %
- CEC: 11.6 meq/100 g soil
- Moisture at pF2.0 (0.1bar): 35.7 w/w %
- Bulk density: 0.93 gm/cc
- Microbial Biomass at start of study: 420.8 µg carbon/g soil dry basis - Light source:
- Xenon lamp
- Remarks:
- equipped with filters to eliminate wavelengths < 290 nm
- Light spectrum: wavelength in nm:
- >= 290 - <= 800
- Details on light source:
- Similar spectral distribution to natural sunlight
- Details on test conditions:
- - Duration of the test: 15 days (equivalent of 30 days natural summer sunlight)
- Soil condition: Fresh soil, passed through 2 mm sieve prior to use
- Soil sample weight: 2 g (dry weight) per replicate
- Test concentration (mg/kg soil (dry weight)): Approximately 36.732 μg/g for [14C-phenyl] and approximately 37.776 μg/g for [14C-triazolyl] (Note: ~35 μg/g = 250 g/ha)
- Control conditions: Darkness
- Number of replicates irradiated: 2
- Number of replicates darkness: 2
- Test apparatus irradiated: Quartz vessels
- Test apparatus darkness: 125 mL size glass bottles, moist air flow through system under vacuum
- Traps for CO2 & organic volatiles: One trap of ethylene glycol (for organic volatiles) followed by two 1N NaOH traps (for CO2)
- Identity of solvent: Dosed in acetonitrile
- Volume of test solution used/treatment: 29.5 μL for [14C-Phenyl] and 39.0 μL for [14C-Triazolyl]
- Application method: 50 μL gas tight syringe
- Evaporation of application solvent: Yes
- Indication of test material adsorbing to walls of test apparatus: No
- Temperature: 20 ± 2 °C
- Continuous irradiation: Yes
- Moisture content: At Day 0, moist soil adjusted to pF2 and monitored throughout the experiment every 2-3 days. No adjustment made to dry soil at Day 0 - Duration:
- 15
- % Moisture:
- 35.7
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 35 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Duration:
- 15 d
- % Moisture:
- 0
- Temp.:
- 20 °C
- Initial conc. measured:
- 35 mg/kg soil d.w.
- Reference substance:
- no
- Dark controls:
- yes
- Computational methods:
- CAKE Version 1.3 (released) running on R Version 2.12.2 (2011-02-25)
- Test performance:
- The radiochemical purity value experimentally determined for [14C-phenyl]-test substance and [14C-triazolyl]-test substance was 96.6% and 98.2%, respectively.
- % Degr.:
- 15.52
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-phenyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 13.42
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-triazolyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 7.54
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Dark control moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-phenyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 8.28
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Dark control moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-triazolyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 16.41
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-phenyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 14.5
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-triazolyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 8.64
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Dark control dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-phenyl labelled
- % Degr.:
- 2.41
- Sampling time:
- 15 d
- Test condition:
- Dark control dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: 14C-triazolyl labelled
- DT50:
- 80 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: Artificial light
- DT50:
- 66 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: Artificial light
- Key result
- DT50:
- 162 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated moist soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: Corrected to natural summer sunlight 30-50 °N
- Key result
- DT50:
- 133 d
- Test condition:
- Irradiated dry soil
- Remarks on result:
- other: Corrected to natural summer sunlight 30-50 °N
- Transformation products:
- yes
- No.:
- #1
- No.:
- #2
- No.:
- #3
- No.:
- #4
- Details on results:
- MOIST SOIL
- Mass Balance: The mass balance for irradiated moist soil samples treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance ranged from 99.3 - 108.1% (mean 103.5%). The mass balance for irradiated moist soil samples treated with 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance ranged from 99.5 – 108.5% (mean 104.2%).
The mass balance for dark control moist soil samples treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance ranged from 90.9 – 108.2% (mean 101.9%). The mass balance for dark control samples treated with 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance ranged from 97.7 – 106.5% (mean 102.4%).
- Volatile Degradation Products: Percentages of 14CO2 evolved at the end of the study were 1.4% and 0.3% in irradiated moist soil treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance and 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance, respectively.
Percentages of 14CO2 evolved at the end of the study were 0.4% and 0.1% in dark control moist soil treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance and 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance, respectively.
No other volatiles were observed.
- Photodegradation of the Test Substance: The amount of test substance declined slowly from an average of 99.8% on Day 0 to an average of 84.5% AR at Day 15 for the irradiated moist soil samples treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance (as compared to the dark control samples that contained an average of 92.5% AR at Day 15). Trans-M5 reached a maximum of 5.7% by Day 15. M1, M2, and cis-M5 were present but none of these transformation products exceeded 5% AR except trans-M5. Similarly, trans-M5 was a transformation product in the dark control test system, present at an average maximum of 5.5% AR by Day 15. M1, M2, and cis-M5 were also present in the dark control test system but none exceeded 5% AR.
The amount of test substance declined slowly from an average of 96.9% on Day 0 to an average of 86.6% AR at Day 15 for the irradiated moist soil samples treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance (as compared to the dark control samples that contained 91.7% AR at Day 15). M4, trans-M5 and cis-M5 were present but none exceeded 5% except M4. M4 reached an average maximum on Day 1 with 5.0% AR. The identified degradates, M4 and M2, were the transformation products present in the dark control test system. M2 did not exceed 5% AR. M4 reached an average maximum of 6.0% AR on Day 15.
The minor presence of degradates at Day 0 (in the presence and absence of light) may be attributed to the obvious impurity for the [14C-phenyl] and [14C-triazolyl]-test substance treated samples.
DRY SOIL
- Mass Balance: The mass balance for irradiated dry soil samples treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance ranged from 94.1 – 106.9% (mean 102.5%). The mass balance for irradiated dry soil samples treated with 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance ranged from 100.8 – 108.1% (mean 105.2%).
The mass balance for dark control dry soil samples treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance ranged from 96.7 – 107.1% (mean 103.5%). The mass balance for dark control samples treated with 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance ranged from 98.7 – 109.6% (mean 103.9%).
- Volatile Degradation Products: Percentages of 14CO2 evolved at the end of the study were 1.4% and 0.3% in irradiated dry soil treated with 14C-phenyl labelled test substance and 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance, respectively.
The percentage of 14CO2 evolved at the end of the study was 0.1% in dark control dry soil treated with both 14C-phenyl labelled test substance and 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance.
No other volatiles were observed.
- Photodegradation of the Test Substance: The amount of test substance declined slowly from an average of 99.8% on Day 0 to an average of 84.5% AR at Day 15 for the irradiated dry soil samples treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance (as compared to the dark control samples that contained an average of 92.5% AR at Day 15). Trans-M5 reached a maximum of 5.7% by Day 15. M1, M2, and cis-M5 were present but none of these transformation products exceeded 5% AR, except trans-M5. Similarly, trans-M5 was a transformation product in the dark control test system, present at an average maximum of 5.5% AR by Day 15. M1, M2, and cis-M5 were also present in the dark control test system but none exceeded 5% AR.
The amount of test substance declined slowly from an average of 96.9% on Day 0 to an average of 86.6% AR at Day 15 for the irradiated dry soil samples treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance (as compared to the dark control samples that contained 91.7% AR at Day 15). M4, trans-M5 and cis-M5 were present but none exceeded 5% except M4. M4 reached an average maximum on Day 1 with 5.0% AR. The identified degradates, M4 and M2, were the transformation products present in the dark control test system. M2 did not exceed 5% AR. M4 reached an average maximum of 6.0% AR on Day 15.
The minor presence of degradates at Day 0 (in the presence and absence of light) may be attributed to the obvious impurity for the [14C-phenyl] and [14C-triazolyl]-test substance treated samples. - Validity criteria fulfilled:
- not specified
- Conclusions:
- In a phototransformation study in soil that was performed in accordance with OECD TG draft, OPPTS 835.2410 and ECC Directive 95/36/EC guidelines, the DegT50 of the test substance was determined to be 66 days (dry soil, artificial continuous light) which, was equivalent to 133 days when corrected to natural summer sunlight (30-50 °N). For moist soil the DegT50 was determined to be 80 days (artificial continuous light) which, was equivalent to 162 days when corrected to natural summer sunlight (30-50 °N).
- Executive summary:
The soil photodegradation of the test substance was determined in a study that was performed according to the OECD TG draft, OPPTS 835.2410, and ECC Directive 95/36/EC guidelines and in compliance with GLP criteria. The photolysis of the radiolabeled test substance was determined using simulated sunlight from a xenon arc lamp. In this study, [14C-phenyl] and [14C-triazolyl]-labelled test substances were applied separately at approximately 70.7 µg per vessel (equivalent to single maximum label rate of 250 g/ha) to moist and dry soil to investigate the influence of exposure to sunlight on the rate and route of degradation. Samples were subjected to continuous irradiation for 15 days using artificial sunlight and maintained at 20 ± 2 °C. Duplicate irradiated and dark control soil samples were assayed at 7 intervals following the application of the test substance. Control samples maintained at 20 ± 2 °C were incubated in the dark and sampled for analysis at intervals equivalent to those in the irradiated test.
The overall mass balance of radioactivity for the irradiated samples throughout the study ranged from 94.1 to 108.5% of the applied radioactivity AR. Similarly, the mass balance for the dark control samples ranged from 90.9 to 109.6% AR. Under moist irradiated conditions, average levels of [14C-phenyl]-test substance declined from 99.8% AR on Day 0 to 84.5% AR by Day 15. In comparison, the dark control samples declined little from 95.8% AR on Day 0 to 92.5% by Day 15. The primary transformation products in the moist, irradiated test system were M1, M2, cis-M5 and trans-M5. None of the transformation products exceeded 5% except the trans-M5 which reached a mean maximum of 5.6% on Day 15.
Under dry, irradiated conditions, average levels of [14C-phenyl]-test substance declined from 100.8% AR on Day 0 to 83.6% AR by Day 15. In comparison, the dark control samples declined from 100.6% AR on Day 0 to 91.4% by Day 15. The primary transformation products in the dry, irradiated test system were M2 and trans-M5. M2 did not exceed 5% during the incubation period. Trans-M5 reached a maximum of 11.0% by Day 15.
Under moist irradiated conditions, average levels of [14C-triazolyl]-test substance declined from 96.8% AR on Day 0 to 86.6% AR by Day 15. In comparison, the dark control samples declined from 94.4% AR on Day 0 to 91.7% by Day 15. The primary transformation products in the moist, irradiated test system were M4 and cis-M5 as well as trans-M5. M4 reached a maximum of 5.0% on Day 1. Cis-M5 and trans-M5 levels did not exceed 5% during the incubation period.
Under dry, irradiated conditions, average levels of [14C-triazolyl]-test substance declined from 97.8% AR on Day 0 to 85.5% AR by Day 15. In comparison, levels of [14C-triazolyl]-test substance in the dark control samples remained constant throughout the incubation period at about 97% AR. The primary transformation products in the dry, irradiated test system were M4 and M2. M4 reached a maximum of 10.3% by Day 15. M2 did not exceed 5% during the incubation period.
Carbon dioxide was a minor product of metabolism, reaching an average maximum of 1.4% AR by the end of all incubations in irradiated (phenyl treated moist and dry). The amount of test substance mass extracted from the soil decreased over time. The rate of degradation in moist and dry irradiated soil was estimated using single first-order (SFO) kinetics. The regression analyses were also evaluated using the exposure time adjusted to the intensity of natural sunlight at 30-50 ºN latitude. The test substance degraded moderately when irradiated by simulated sunlight (DegT50 is 66 days in dry soil and 80 days in moist soil). When adjusted to natural summer sunlight at latitudes of 30-50 °N the DegT50 is 133 days in dry soil and 162 days in moist soil. Based on the results of this study, soil photolysis is unlikely to be a major route of eliminating the test substance from the environment.
Reference
Table 2, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Irradiated Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 104.40 | 104.27 | 96.94 | 104.97 | 96.08 | 96.77 | 92.42 |
B | 100.47 | 101.16 | 98.58 | 105.01 | 101.29 | 98.93 | 96.66 | |
Mean | 102.43 | 102.72 | 97.76 | 104.99 | 98.68 | 97.85 | 94.54 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.39 | 1.86 | 2.34 | 3.09 | 4.05 | 3.55 | 7.21 |
B | 0.62 | 1.80 | 2.40 | 2.85 | 3.46 | 4.37 | 6.23 | |
Mean | 0.50 | 1.83 | 2.37 | 2.97 | 3.76 | 3.96 | 6.72 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 1.07 | 1.40 |
B | na | na | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 1.07 | 1.40 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.06 | 0.24 | 0.54 | 1.07 | 1.40 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
B | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Mean | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Total % recovery | A | 104.79 | 106.13 | 99.33 | 108.30 | 100.68 | 101.39 | 101.04 |
B | 101.09 | 102.96 | 101.04 | 108.10 | 105.29 | 104.37 | 104.29 | |
Mean | 102.94 | 104.55 | 100.19 | 108.20 | 102.98 | 102.88 | 102.67 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 103.49% ± 2.85% |
Table 3, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Irradiated Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 98.95 | 104.25 | 98.41 | 104.20 | 103.84 | 98.17 | 99.25 |
B | 102.80 | 100.94 | 100.92 | 103.85 | 102.59 | 95.59 | 98.28 | |
Mean | 100.88 | 102.60 | 99.66 | 104.02 | 103.22 | 96.88 | 98.76 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.53 | 1.38 | 2.29 | 3.85 | 4.51 | 3.44 | 5.57 |
B | 0.53 | 1.35 | 2.36 | 3.07 | 4.68 | 4.43 | 6.67 | |
Mean | 0.53 | 1.36 | 2.32 | 3.46 | 4.60 | 3.93 | 6.12 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.27 |
B | na | na | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.27 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.11 | 0.18 | 0.27 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
B | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Mean | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Total % recovery | A | 99.48 | 105.63 | 100.74 | 108.12 | 108.47 | 101.79 | 105.08 |
B | 103.34 | 102.29 | 103.33 | 106.99 | 107.39 | 100.20 | 105.23 | |
Mean | 101.41 | 103.96 | 102.03 | 107.55 | 107.93 | 100.99 | 105.16 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 104.15% ± 3.00% |
Table 4, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Dark Control Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 96.86 | 103.38 | 102.20 | 103.44 | 102.33 | 96.29 | 97.44 |
B | 101.09 | 89.98 | 101.81 | 100.14 | 106.08 | 101.05 | 98.45 | |
Mean | 98.97 | 96.68 | 102.00 | 101.79 | 104.21 | 98.67 | 97.95 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.37 | 1.05 | 1.60 | 1.74 | 1.94 | 2.29 | 3.19 |
B | 0.41 | 0.95 | 1.56 | 1.86 | 1.96 | 2.54 | 3.20 | |
Mean | 0.39 | 1.00 | 1.58 | 1.80 | 1.95 | 2.41 | 3.19 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.38 |
B | na | na | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.38 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.03 | 0.09 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.38 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | na | na | na | na | na |
B | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Mean | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Total % recovery | A | 97.23 | 104.44 | 103.82 | 105.27 | 104.46 | 98.88 | 101.01 |
B | 101.50 | 90.94 | 103.39 | 102.09 | 108.23 | 103.88 | 102.04 | |
Mean | 99.36 | 97.69 | 103.61 | 103.68 | 106.34 | 101.38 | 101.52 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 101.94% ± 4.17% |
Table 5, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Dark Control Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 98.88 | 102.36 | 100.60 | 100.13 | 101.72 | 99.30 | 94.60 |
B | 101.45 | 105.66 | 101.96 | 102.72 | 100.95 | 95.31 | 100.91 | |
Mean | 100.17 | 104.01 | 101.28 | 101.42 | 101.34 | 97.31 | 97.76 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.38 | 0.87 | 1.74 | 2.40 | 2.39 | 2.70 | 2.96 |
B | 0.37 | 0.80 | 1.56 | 2.10 | 2.56 | 2.77 | 2.96 | |
Mean | 0.37 | 0.83 | 1.65 | 2.25 | 2.48 | 2.73 | 2.96 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.12 |
B | na | na | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.12 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | na | na | na | na | na |
B | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Mean | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Total % recovery | A | 99.26 | 103.23 | 102.35 | 102.56 | 104.17 | 102.07 | 97.68 |
B | 101.82 | 106.46 | 103.54 | 104.86 | 103.55 | 98.15 | 104.00 | |
Mean | 100.54 | 104.84 | 102.95 | 103.71 | 103.86 | 100.11 | 100.84 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 102.41% ± 2.51% |
Table 6, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Irradiated Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 101.94 | 96.99 | 100.95 | 103.40 | 94.79 | 99.41 | 97.84 |
B | 105.68 | 92.78 | 104.00 | 102.18 | 97.77 | 91.90 | 91.35 | |
Mean | 103.81 | 94.88 | 102.48 | 102.79 | 96.28 | 95.65 | 94.60 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.24 | 1.67 | 2.53 | 3.32 | 4.43 | 4.35 | 5.38 |
B | 0.40 | 1.35 | 1.53 | 2.96 | 3.69 | 7.45 | 8.22 | |
Mean | 0.32 | 1.51 | 2.03 | 3.14 | 4.02 | 5.90 | 6.80 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.93 | 1.38 |
B | na | na | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.93 | 1.38 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.52 | 0.93 | 1.38 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
B | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Mean | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Total % recovery | A | 102.18 | 98.66 | 103.53 | 106.89 | 99.65 | 104.69 | 104.60 |
B | 106.08 | 94.13 | 105.57 | 105.31 | 101.97 | 100.28 | 100.95 | |
Mean | 104.13 | 96.40 | 104.55 | 106.10 | 100.81 | 102.48 | 102.77 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 102.46% ± 3.51% |
Table 7, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Irradiated Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 101.18 | 101.40 | 105.66 | 103.72 | 98.81 | 93.75 | 95.71 |
B | 104.29 | 104.98 | 105.12 | 101.23 | 102.02 | 92.93 | 95.98 | |
Mean | 102.73 | 103.19 | 105.39 | 102.47 | 100.41 | 93.07 | 95.84 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.42 | 1.17 | 2.10 | 4.31 | 6.67 | 8.81 | 9.62 |
B | 0.38 | 1.33 | 2.36 | 3.70 | 4.57 | 8.20 | 11.31 | |
Mean | 0.40 | 1.25 | 2.23 | 4.00 | 5.62 | 8.50 | 10.47 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.31 |
B | na | na | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.02 | 0.06 | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.31 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd |
B | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Mean | na | na | nd | nd | nd | nd | nd | |
Total % recovery | A | 101.60 | 102.58 | 107.79 | 108.08 | 105.60 | 102.79 | 105.63 |
B | 104.67 | 106.31 | 107.50 | 104.98 | 106.71 | 100.82 | 107.59 | |
Mean | 103.14 | 104.44 | 107.64 | 106.53 | 106.15 | 101.81 | 106.61 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 105.19% ± 2.40% |
Table 8, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Dark Control Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 101.49 | 96.29 | 100.49 | 105.70 | 103.01 | 102.26 | 99.01 |
B | 104.80 | 106.72 | 102.23 | 105.96 | 104.08 | 102.09 | 101.01 | |
Mean | 103.14 | 101.50 | 101.36 | 105.83 | 103.55 | 102.17 | 100.01 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.24 | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.94 | 1.23 | 1.41 | 2.08 |
B | 0.22 | 0.41 | 0.64 | 0.93 | 1.18 | 1.52 | 2.16 | |
Mean | 0.23 | 0.43 | 0.62 | 0.94 | 1.21 | 1.47 | 2.12 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 |
B | na | na | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.11 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | na | na | na | na | na |
B | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Mean | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Total % recovery | A | 101.73 | 96.74 | 101.10 | 106.67 | 104.28 | 103.72 | 101.20 |
B | 105.02 | 107.13 | 102.89 | 106.92 | 105.29 | 103.66 | 103.27 | |
Mean | 103.37 | 101.94 | 101.99 | 106.80 | 104.79 | 103.69 | 102.24 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 103.54% ± 2.79% |
Table 9, Distribution and Recovery of test substance in the Dark Control Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Total extractables | A | 101.96 | 107.78 | 100.58 | 102.89 | 100.27 | 96.23 | 101.84 |
B | 102.23 | 108.81 | 102.93 | 100.62 | 106.19 | 98.61 | 100.27 | |
Mean | 102.09 | 108.29 | 101.75 | 101.76 | 103.23 | 97.42 | 101.05 | |
Non-extractables | A | 0.45 | 0.77 | 1.32 | 1.70 | 2.26 | 2.41 | 2.50 |
B | 0.51 | 0.74 | 1.22 | 1.83 | 2.33 | 1.89 | 2.55 | |
Mean | 0.48 | 0.75 | 1.27 | 1.77 | 2.29 | 2.15 | 2.53 | |
14CO2 | A | na | na | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
B | na | na | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | |
Mean | na | na | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.08 | |
Other volatiles | A | na | na | na | na | na | na | na |
B | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Mean | na | na | na | na | na | na | na | |
Total % recovery | A | 102.41 | 108.55 | 101.92 | 104.63 | 102.57 | 98.68 | 104.42 |
B | 102.74 | 109.55 | 104.17 | 102.49 | 108.56 | 100.55 | 102.90 | |
Mean | 102.57 | 109.05 | 103.05 | 103.56 | 105.57 | 99.61 | 103.66 | |
Overall mean ± SD | 103.87% ± 3.12% |
Table 10, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Irradiated Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 102.43 | 100.92 | 93.71 | 101.32 | 93.29 | 93.02 | 80.90 |
B | 97.25 | 98.95 | 96.52 | 103.34 | 99.59 | 94.23 | 88.05 | |
Mean | 99.84 | 99.94 | 95.12 | 102.33 | 96.44 | 93.63 | 84.48 | |
M1 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.20 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.41 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.31 | |
Trans-M5 | A | 1.96 | 1.35 | 1.74 | 2.37 | 1.99 | 3.75 | 6.40 |
B | 1.71 | ND | 0.64 | 0.95 | 1.70 | 4.70 | 4.92 | |
Mean | 1.84 | 0.67 | 1.19 | 1.66 | 1.85 | 4.23 | 5.66 | |
M2 | A | ND | 2.00 | 1.48 | 1.28 | 0.81 | ND | ND |
B | 1.52 | 2.21 | 1.42 | 0.71 | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 0.76 | 2.10 | 1.45 | 1.00 | 0.40 | ND | ND | |
Cis-M5 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 3.14 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.87 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.01 | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.79 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.40 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.09 |
Table 11, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Irradiated Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 94.89 | 99.57 | 92.61 | 98.11 | 97.25 | 90.40 | 88.34 |
B | 98.81 | 97.30 | 96.68 | 100.21 | 94.95 | 88.53 | 84.83 | |
Mean | 96.85 | 98.43 | 94.65 | 99.16 | 96.10 | 89.47 | 86.58 | |
M4 | A | 2.45 | 4.68 | 5.80 | 6.09 | 4.04 | 3.41 | 4.47 |
B | 2.56 | 3.64 | 4.24 | 3.63 | 4.35 | 3.37 | 4.81 | |
Mean | 2.51 | 4.16 | 5.02 | 4.86 | 4.19 | 3.39 | 4.64 | |
Trans-M5 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.92 | 1.84 | 2.58 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.28 | 1.48 | 4.41 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.10 | 1.66 | 3.50 | |
M2 | A | 1.60 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | 1.44 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 1.52 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Cis-M5 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.63 | 1.77 | 3.30 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.02 | 2.20 | 4.24 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.83 | 1.98 | 3.77 | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.77 | 0.56 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.38 | 0.28 |
Table 12, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Dark Control Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 94.07 | 99.07 | 98.35 | 98.48 | 100.60 | 88.05 | 92.10 |
B | 97.55 | 86.89 | 96.85 | 95.06 | 102.44 | 92.97 | 92.87 | |
Mean | 95.81 | 92.98 | 97.60 | 96.77 | 101.52 | 90.51 | 92.46 | |
M1 | A | ND | ND | 1.37 | 0.63 | ND | 1.07 | ND |
B | ND | ND | 0.76 | ND | 0.84 | 1.32 | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | 1.07 | 0.32 | 0.42 | 1.20 | ND | |
Trans-M5 | A | ND | 2.46 | 2.47 | 4.32 | 1.73 | 5.65 | 5.34 |
B | 1.09 | 1.44 | 4.19 | 5.08 | 2.81 | 2.88 | 5.58 | |
Mean | 0.55 | 1.95 | 3.33 | 4.70 | 2.27 | 4.27 | 5.46 | |
M2 | A | 2.79 | 1.85 | ND | ND | ND | 0.89 | ND |
B | 2.45 | 1.66 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 2.62 | 1.75 | ND | ND | ND | 0.44 | ND | |
Cis-M5 | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.96 | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.98 | ND | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.64 | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.91 | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.27 | ND |
Table 13, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Dark Control Moist Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 94.00 | 98.50 | 94.48 | 95.60 | 97.25 | 94.76 | 89.71 |
B | 94.72 | 101.66 | 97.60 | 99.73 | 97.44 | 89.84 | 93.74 | |
Mean | 94.36 | 100.08 | 96.04 | 97.66 | 97.34 | 92.30 | 91.72 | |
M4 | A | 2.35 | 3.86 | 6.12 | 4.53 | 3.73 | 4.55 | 4.89 |
B | 3.59 | 3.99 | 4.36 | 2.99 | 3.51 | 5.47 | 7.17 | |
Mean | 2.97 | 3.93 | 5.24 | 3.76 | 3.62 | 5.01 | 6.03 | |
M2 | A | 2.53 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | 3.13 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 2.83 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.74 | ND | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.37 | ND | ND |
Table 14, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Irradiated Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 98.70 | 93.30 | 96.18 | 99.29 | 91.11 | 94.42 | 85.63 |
B | 102.97 | 87.09 | 98.88 | 99.31 | 94.62 | 77.12 | 81.55 | |
Mean | 100.84 | 90.19 | 97.53 | 99.30 | 92.87 | 85.77 | 83.59 | |
Trans-M5 | A | ND | 1.95 | 3.91 | 2.94 | 3.68 | 4.99 | 12.21 |
B | ND | 1.96 | 4.06 | 2.30 | 3.15 | 13.12 | 9.80 | |
Mean | ND | 1.95 | 3.98 | 2.62 | 3.41 | 9.06 | 11.01 | |
M2 | A | 3.23 | 1.74 | 0.87 | 1.17 | ND | ND | ND |
B | 2.71 | 2.51 | 1.06 | 0.57 | ND | 1.65 | ND | |
Mean | 2.97 | 2.13 | 0.96 | 0.87 | ND | 0.83 | ND | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Table 15, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Irradiated Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 96.44 | 95.58 | 101.38 | 98.33 | 90.33 | 90.83 | 87.62 |
B | 99.05 | 100.08 | 102.25 | 96.70 | 99.07 | 84.98 | 83.39 | |
Mean | 97.75 | 97.83 | 101.82 | 97.51 | 94.70 | 87.91 | 85.50 | |
M4 | A | 2.32 | 3.40 | 4.28 | 5.38 | 8.48 | 2.92 | 8.09 |
B | 1.85 | 2.89 | 2.87 | 4.54 | 2.95 | 7.41 | 12.59 | |
Mean | 2.08 | 3.14 | 3.57 | 4.96 | 5.71 | 5.16 | 10.34 | |
M2 | A | 2.43 | 2.42 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | 3.39 | 2.02 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 2.91 | 2.22 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Table 16, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Dark Control Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-phenyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-phenyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 99.46 | 93.18 | 97.21 | 102.31 | 101.58 | 98.01 | 87.99 |
B | 101.81 | 103.22 | 99.64 | 103.43 | 102.11 | 96.87 | 94.72 | |
Mean | 100.64 | 98.20 | 98.42 | 102.87 | 101.85 | 97.44 | 91.36 | |
M1 | A | 0.00 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.31 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.21 | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.76 | |
Trans-M5 | A | 2.03 | 1.15 | 1.32 | 3.39 | 1.43 | 4.24 | 3.98 |
B | 1.57 | 1.01 | 0.83 | 1.64 | 1.97 | 5.22 | 5.07 | |
Mean | 1.80 | 1.08 | 1.07 | 2.52 | 1.70 | 4.73 | 4.53 | |
M2 | A | 0.00 | 1.95 | 1.97 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | 1.40 | 2.49 | 1.75 | 0.89 | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 0.70 | 2.22 | 1.86 | 0.45 | ND | ND | ND | |
Cis-M5 | A | 0.00 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.37 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18 | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 2.37 |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 1.18 |
Table 17, Quantification of the test substance and its Photodegradates: Dark Control Dry Soil Photolysis Samples Treated with [14C-triazolyl]-test substance as Percent of Applied Radioactivity
14C-triazolyl-test substance | Rep | Sampling time (days) | ||||||
Day 0 | Day 0.17 | Day 1 | Day 3 | Day 6 | Day 10 | Day 15 | ||
Test substance | A | 96.06 | 101.61 | 97.01 | 99.55 | 97.36 | 93.62 | 98.49 |
B | 98.16 | 104.29 | 99.18 | 98.42 | 102.80 | 95.19 | 96.70 | |
Mean | 97.11 | 102.95 | 98.09 | 98.98 | 100.08 | 94.40 | 97.59 | |
M4 | A | 2.85 | 4.25 | 3.57 | 3.34 | 2.91 | 2.61 | 3.35 |
B | 2.03 | 3.30 | 3.76 | 2.20 | 3.39 | 3.42 | 3.57 | |
Mean | 2.44 | 3.77 | 3.66 | 2.77 | 3.15 | 3.01 | 3.46 | |
M2 | A | 3.04 | 1.92 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | 2.05 | 1.22 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | 2.55 | 1.57 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Others | A | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
B | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | |
Mean | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Table 18, Summary of DegT50 and DegT90 Values
| 14C-test substance* | |||||
| Dry soil | Moist soil | ||||
| DegT50 (days) | Deg T90 (days) | Chi2 | DegT50 (days) | Deg T90 (days) | Chi2 |
Irradiated | 66 | 219 | 1.969 | 80 | 267 | 1.907 |
Corrected DT50 and DegT90** | ||||||
Natural summer sunlight 30-50 °N | 133 | 441 | 1.970 | 162 | 538 | 1.906 |
* Data reported calculated from individual replicate values for irradiated soil labelled with both [14C-phenyl]-test substance and [14C-triazolyl]-test substance.
** Corrected values are calculated using a mean value of 67 W/m2 to represent the irradiance (300-400 nm) of natural summer sunlight for latitudes of 30-50 °N as derived from the 2002 OECD Draft Guidance on the Phototransformation of Chemicals on Soil Surfaces
Description of key information
All available data was assessed and the study representing the worst-case effects was included as the key study. Other studies are included as supporting information. The effect value which is considered to be the worst-case is selected for the CSA.
DT50 = 162 days, adjusted to natural summer sunlight at 30-50°N, 20 °C, OECD TG draft, OPPTS 835.2410 and ECC Directive 95/36/EC guidelines, 14C-phenyl and 14C-triazolyl labelled test substance, Miner 2013
Key value for chemical safety assessment
- Half-life in soil:
- 162 d
Additional information
Three studies on photodegradation in soil using a xenon arc lamp are available for this endpoint. All three are reliability 1 studies and performed according to standard guidelines and under GLP. The study representing the worst-case effect (i.e. showed the highest DT50 value) was included as the key study. In the key study (Miner 2013), 14C-phenyl and 14C-triazolyl-labelled test substance was applied separately at approximately 70.7 µg per vessel (equivalent to single maximum label rate of 250 g/ha) to moist and dry soil under continuous irradiation for 15 days and maintained at 20 ± 2 °C. When adjusted to natural summer sunlight at latitudes of 30-50 °N the DegT50 is 133 days in dry soil and 162 days in moist soil.
In the supporting studies (Spare 1991 and Saxena 1989, both reliability 1), the calculated half-life in moist soil was approximately 150 days (14C-phenyl ring-labelled test substance, 25 ± 1°C for 30 days) and 52.6 artificial sunlight days or 23.9 natural sunlight days (triazole-(ring-UL-14C)-labelled test substance, 25.6°C for 30 days), assuming 12 hours of light per day.
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