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EC number: 237-048-9 | CAS number: 13597-46-1
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- direct observations: clinical cases, poisoning incidents and other
- Type of information:
- other: case report
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- no information
- Reliability:
- 2 (reliable with restrictions)
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: case report
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Chronic exposure to high doses of selenium in the first trimester of pregnancy: Case report and brief literature review
- Author:
- D'Oria, L. et al.
- Year:
- 2 018
- Bibliographic source:
- Birth Defects Research. 2018;110:372–375.
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- poisoning incident
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: oral
- developmental toxicity / teratogenicity
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline followed
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- A pregnant woman received 200,000 µg per day of a selenium galenic formulation, since gestational week (g.w.) 7 to 12, due to a prescription error (intended dose: 200 µg per day).
- GLP compliance:
- not specified
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- selenium (unspecified)
- IUPAC Name:
- selenium (unspecified)
- Details on test material:
- No further information on substance stated.
Constituent 1
- Specific details on test material used for the study:
- selenium supplement using a galenic formulation, a tablet with a dose of 200,000 µg of selenium per day
Method
- Type of population:
- general
- Subjects:
- 41-year old pregnant woman, who had a normal pregnancy, despite hypothyroidism that was treated with levothyroxine 25 µg per day.
- Ethical approval:
- not applicable
- Route of exposure:
- oral
- Reason of exposure:
- other: intentional, but overdosed due to a prescription error
- Exposure assessment:
- not specified
- Details on exposure:
- Because of a mild asthenia and as an adjuvant regarding the thyroid function, the obstetrician prescribed a selenium supplement using a galenic formulation. Due to a prescription error, the patient received a tablet with a dose of 200,000 µg of selenium per day instead of 200 µg per day, from g.w. 7 to 12. The mistake was discovered by another pharmacist, to whom the drug formulation was provided.
- Examinations:
- Mother: Selenium plasmatic levels at gestational week (g.w.) 15, 21, 25, 30 and 36; electrocardiogram at g.w. 17; monthly ultrasound scans; at birth, a sample of the cord blood was taken to evaluate the blood pH and cord selenium.
Child: The baby underwent blood tests; neurological examination; reflex evaluation and audiological screening; cerebral ultrasound (third day of life), at 2 months of age; the infant underwent a renal ultrasound and echocardiography. - Medical treatment:
- not specified
Results and discussion
- Clinical signs:
- About one week after the treatment, the patient was affected by nausea, vomiting and significant weakness, but related these symptoms to the pregnancy. Consequently, the woman experienced hand and foot paresthesia, inability to concentrate and loss of the fingernails and scalp hair.
Two weeks after stopping selenium intake, the woman reported no nausea and reduced paresthesia. Inability to concentrate and asthenia persisted for 6 weeks. - Results of examinations:
- Selenium plasmatic levels at g.w. 15, 3 weeks after arrest were 307.5 µg/L, while urinary selenium levels were 29.0 µg/L. Normal values are considered lower than 130 µg/L in the blood and lower than 70 µg/L in the urine. The electrocardiogram at g.w. 17 (4 weeks after arrest) was normal. Early amniocentesis performed for maternal age reported a normal female karyotype result. Monthly ultrasound scans were carried out to assess the fetal condition. No morphological abnormalities were detected and the maternal Doppler evaluation showed an increased uterine artery vascular flow resistance. The patient underwent regular pregnancy check-ups, and every 4–5 weeks selenium concentration was monitored in the plasma and urine. These results are reported in Table 1 (see any other information on results incl. tables). A cesarean section was performed at g.w. 39 for previous myomectomy. The woman delivered a living female neonate with a birth weight of 3300 g. and an Apgar score of 9 at the first and the 10th minute. At birth, a sample of the cord blood was taken to evaluate the blood pH and cord selenium. The pH cord blood value was normal (pH=7.3) and the selenium umbilical cord concentration was 58.1 µg/L. The baby underwent blood tests which revealed normal electrolytes, creatinine, transaminases, glucose, and blood urea nitrogen. The neurological examination was normal, and the reflex evaluation and audiological screening (Transient Evoked Otoacoustic Emissions) were negative. The cerebral ultrasound performed on the third day of life, did not detect any abnormality, and the newborn was discharged on the fourth day after delivery. At 2 months of age, the infant underwent a renal ultrasound and echocardiography, which were both normal, and a 3-month follow-up after delivery showed that the infant was developing normally.
- Effectivity of medical treatment:
- not specified
- Outcome of incidence:
- Maternal selenium levels in the blood were still high three weeks after arrest and reached a normal range 13 weeks after arrest. Subsequently, selenium levels remained stable until the end of pregnancy. On the contrary, urinary output did not seem to be influenced by the serum selenium levels and remained normal. The levels of selenium in the cord blood at birth were about half compared to those in the maternal blood. Overall, no consequences of congenital defects or pregnancy complications occurred.
Any other information on results incl. tables
Table 1. a Normal serum values <130 µg/L. b Normal urine values <70 µg/L
Gestational age |
Serum seleniuma (µg/L) |
Urinary seleniumb (µg/L) |
g.w. 15 | 307.5 | 29 |
g.w. 21 | 194.8 | 14.6 |
g.w. 25 | 116.9 | 13.5 |
g.w. 30 | 127.1 | 19.4 |
g.w. 36 | 110.3 | 27.4 |
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- One patient (pregnant woman) who received high daily doses of selenium due to a prescription error over a certain period of time experienced nausea, vomiting, paraesthesia of hands and feet, followed by fatigue, loss of fingernails and hair.
This single case does not allow us to draw conclusions on the effects of high doses of selenium on the fetus. The authors suggested however, considering the high doses received and the absence of side effects on the fetus, one could hypothesize that the placenta can prevent an excessive transfer of selenium to the fetus. - Executive summary:
A pregnant woman received 200,000 µg per day of a selenium galenic formulation, since gestational week (g.w.) 7 to 12, due to a prescription error.
The patient experienced nausea, vomiting, hand and foot paresthesia, followed by fatigue, loss of fingernails and hair. The woman was referred to the Fetal and Maternal Medicine Unit for surveillance. The mother’s blood selenium levels went back to normal 13 weeks after arrest and the baby was born at term, without complications. Clinical evaluation and imaging studies were normal at one month of age.
This has been the first case of severe chronic selenium intoxication during the first trimester of pregnancy. In the present case, no consequences of congenital defects or pregnancy complications occurred.
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