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Please be aware that this old REACH registration data factsheet is no longer maintained; it remains frozen as of 19th May 2023.
The new ECHA CHEM database has been released by ECHA, and it now contains all REACH registration data. There are more details on the transition of ECHA's published data to ECHA CHEM here.
Diss Factsheets
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EC number: 215-138-9 | CAS number: 1305-78-8
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Health surveillance data
Administrative data
- Endpoint:
- health surveillance data
- Type of information:
- migrated information: read-across from supporting substance (structural analogue or surrogate)
- Adequacy of study:
- supporting study
- Study period:
- no data available
- Reliability:
- other: high
- Rationale for reliability incl. deficiencies:
- other: see 'Remark'
- Remarks:
- Well-documented study on respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function among workers exposed cement dust. Local effects in the respiratory tract following inhalation of lime dust are attributed to the alkaline reaction of lime in contact with water (in this case the humidity of mucous membranes). Addition of water to cement or Portland cement can raise the pH to values exceed 13, thus giving a more alkaline mixture than that from CaO and Ca(OH)2. Since pH change is the primary adverse effect leading to irritation of the mucosa and impaired ventilatory function, (Portland) cement can be used as a surrogate to predict effects and safe exposure levels for lime. The following additional information should be considered: (Portland) cement contains hexavalent chromium which is, however, not contained in lime at significant concentrations. Until the addition of ferrous sulphate became a common procedure, cement contained about 5-10 mg Cr(VI)/kg of cement; a content of 20 mg Cr(VI)/kg has also been reported . After the addition of ferrous sulphate, the level of Cr(VI) decreased to less than 2 mg/kg. This reasoning was also used by the Scientific Committee on Occupational Exposure Limits (SCOEL) in their recommendation occupational exposure limits for calcium oxide (CaO) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (see 7.5.3, Repeated dose toxicity: inhalation). The current paper was considered by SCOEL for establishing the STEL and the 8 h TWA OEL for lime, employing read-across from (Portland) cement to lime.
Cross-reference
- Reason / purpose for cross-reference:
- reference to same study
Data source
Reference
- Reference Type:
- publication
- Title:
- Respiratory symptoms and ventilatory function in workers exposed to portland cement dust
- Author:
- Fell, A.K.M.; et al.
- Year:
- 2 003
- Bibliographic source:
- J. Occup. Environ. Med. 45, 1008-1014
Materials and methods
- Study type:
- health record from industry
- Endpoint addressed:
- repeated dose toxicity: inhalation
Test guideline
- Qualifier:
- no guideline available
- Principles of method if other than guideline:
- Controlled cross-sectional study on respiratory system effects of Portland cement workers.
- GLP compliance:
- no
Test material
- Reference substance name:
- Portland cement dust
- IUPAC Name:
- Portland cement dust
- Details on test material:
- - Name of test material (as cited in study report): Portland cement dust (mixture of 60-67 % CaO, 17-25 % silicon oxide, 3-8 % aluminium trioxide, 0-5 % ferric oxide); aerodynamic diameter = 0.05-5 µm
No further details are given.
Constituent 1
Method
- Type of population:
- occupational
- Ethical approval:
- not specified
- Details on study design:
- The cohort for analysis consisted of 119 male workers from the largest cement plant in Norway and 50 workers from a nearby control plant, born 1918 to 1938. The mean age was 69.3 ± 5.8 and 68.8 ± 5.7 years for the exposed workers and control subjects, respectively. The mean duration of cement exposure was 21.8 ± 13.8 years.
In 1999, 20 person-related dust measurements were conducted. Mean concentration for total dust was 7.9 mg/m³ (SD = 12.9) and for respirable dust 0.91 mg/m³ (SD = 0.55). Ranges were 0.4 to 53.7 and 0.0 to 2.3, respectively.
All workers performed spirometry and gave information on respiratory symptoms in 1998 and 1999. Information on the occupational history and smoking profile for each subject was obtained by an investigator.
The forced vital capacity (FCV), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and ratio of forced expiratory volume to vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) were measured. Data were analysed by multiple linear regression with adjustments for the predictors: age, height, and life-dose of tobacco and asbestos exposure.
Results and discussion
- Results:
- The prevalence of symptoms (cough, phlegm, different kinds of dyspnoea, wheezing, and upper airway infections) and mean pulmonary function indices were similar for exposed workers and controls. There was no dose-related increase in symptoms or decrease in lung function indices.
The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was 14.3 % in the exposed group and 14.0 % among the controls.
Applicant's summary and conclusion
- Conclusions:
- The findings do not support the hypothesis that cement dust exposure has a negative impact on lung function or gives an increase in respiratory symptoms.
This study was used by SCOEL for establishing OELs for lime dust. Data on Portland cement as a surrogate were used as supportive information, based on the reasoning of similar pH, being the causative factor for respiratory effects in both lime and Portland cement dust, and overlap in substantial composition.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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