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EC number: 273-701-4 | CAS number: 69011-60-5 Oxides formed during melting, refining, and casting of solders. Major constituents are oxides of tin, lead and antimony; minor constituents are iron, nickel, sulfur, arsenic, copper and silver.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Endpoint summary
Administrative data
Description of key information
Additional information
The UVCB is a complex inorganic metals-containing substance. The physico-chemical characterisation of the UVCB (see relevant section in IUCLID) demonstrates the presence of different metal speciation; intermetallic and metal oxides that are formed on the surface of molten metal in the production of lead-tin based alloys. This resulted in relatively low solubilisation potential in water for most of the metals present in the UVCB (e. g. Cu, Ag, Pb).
More particularly the following needs to be taken into account when considering information on environmental fate of this UVCB:
Stability and bio degradation: The classic standard testing protocols on hydrolysis, photo-transformation and biodegradation are not applicable to inorganic substances such as this UVCB. This was recognised in the Guidance to Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Classification, Labelling and Packaging of substances and mixtures (metal annex): “Environmental transformation of one species of a metal to another species of the same does not constitute degradation as applied to organic compounds and may increase or decrease the availability and bioavailability of the toxic species. However as a result of naturally occurring geochemical processes metal ions can partition from the water column. Data on water column residence time, the processes involved at the water – sediment interface (i.e. deposition and re-mobilisation) are fairly extensive, but have not been integrated into a meaningful database. Nevertheless, using the principles and assumptions discussed above in Section IV.1, it may be possible to incorporate this approach into classification.”
As outlined in CLP guidance (2009), understanding of the rate and extent of transformation/dissolution of sparingly soluble inorganic substances to soluble, potentially available metal species is relevant to the environmental hazard assessment.
Given the dominant presence of metal oxides in this complex UVCB, a transformation/dissolution test was carried out and for the unmeasured metals, a conservative approach was adopted by considering the UVCB as fully soluble in water.
Attenuation of the released metal ions: once released from the UVCB, the metal-ions will be sorbed to mineral and particulate organic matter surfaces in the water, sediment and soil and will bind to the dissolved organic and sulphide materials present in water, soil and sediment compartments. Binding, precipitation and partitioning allows for a reduction of "bio-available metal species" and thus potential metal toxicity as a function of time.
Transport and distribution: assessing transport and distribution of the UVCB substance has no meaning. The mechanisms of distribution over liquid/solid phase (adsorption/desorption, precipitation and removal from water column) of the metals contained in the UVCB have been assessed in the respective risk assessments and/or Chemical Safety reports. Partition coefficients for soil/water, sediment/water and suspended matter/water are available for different metals contained in the UVCB and further used for environmental exposure assessment, if relevant.
Bioaccumulation and secondary poisoning: the assessment of the bio accumulation and secondary poisoning potential of this UVCB has no meaning. Accumulation data (BCF and BAF values) are available for relevant metal constituents of this UVCB. Metals such as Cu, Zn for example are essential and well regulated in all living organisms and therefore the bioaccumulation criterion is not applicable. While some metals do not magnify in aquatic and terrestrial systems, for other metals secondary poisoning is to be considered relevant based on their known bioaccumulation potential.
According to the CLP Guidance for complex substances (section III 3.2) it is not recommended to estimate an average or weighted BCF value but identify one or more constituents for further consideration. Therefore, secondary poisoning of some constituents contained in the UVCB was further taken into account in the environmental exposure assessment.
Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose of classification:
The UVCB environmental hazard assessment is driven by the hazard assessment of the individual UVCB constituents. For the purpose of the hazard assessment, the UVCB is treated as a complex metal containing substance with a number of discrete constituting compounds (metals, metal compounds, non-metal inorganic compounds). The hazard classifications of each compound are then factored into a combined classification of the UVCB as a whole. For environmental endpoints, additivity and/or summation algorithms are applied to quantitatively estimate the mixture’s toxicity to aquatic organisms. More information can be found in the MeClas output (see Annex I of the CSR). No further specific environmental fate information on the constituents is required to directly derive the hazard of the UVCB. Since the removal from the water column behaviour of the individual constituents can have an indirect impact on their respective environmental classification, an overview is given in the table below.
Table17.Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose ofclassification
UVCB constituent |
Attenuation/ removal from water column |
|||
Element |
Speciation used for classification (see IUCLID/CSR section 1.2 composition and IUCLID 4.27 additional Physico-chemical Information) |
|||
Ag |
Ag2O |
No see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
As |
As2O3/ AsO3 |
No see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Cd |
CdO |
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Cu |
Cu powder |
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Ni |
NiO |
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Pb |
|
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
S |
Metal sulphides/sulphates |
See metal specific entry |
||
Sb |
Sb2O3 |
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClass (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Zn |
Zn powder-zinc dust (pyrophoric) |
Yes see Waeterschoot et al (2012) and MeClas (Annex I of this CSR) |
||
Minors |
Sulphide/compounds or metal |
Below 0.1% and/or the speciation not impacting classification, see MeClas report in CSR Annex I |
Summary of the information on environmental fate and pathways for the purpose of risk assessment:
The environmental (risk) assessment is based on all classified constituents of the UVCB that are hazardous to the environment. For the environment, most often, it is the metal ion that is the toxic driver (ECHA, 2008, R.7.13-2). Considering the composition and physico-chemical characterisation of this UVCB, full solubilisation of the various constituting species is assumed in the aquatic environment.
Table18.Summary of the information on aquatic environmental fate and pathways for thepurpose of risk assessment
UVCB constituent |
Transport/ distribution |
Bio accumulation |
Secondary poisoning |
|
Element |
Speciation used for environmental fate |
|
|
|
Cu |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. available |
No See McGeer et al., 2013 |
Not needed |
Ni |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 270 L/kg ww |
Quantitative assessment conducted |
Pb |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 1,553 L/kg ww |
Quantitative assessment conducted |
As |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 270 L/kg ww |
Quantitative assessment conducted |
Zn |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
No See McGeer et al., 2013 |
Not needed |
Ag |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 70 L/kg ww
|
Not needed |
Cd |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
No See McGeer et al., 2013 |
Quantitative assessment conducted for secondary poisoning soil |
Sb |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 40 L/kg ww |
Not needed |
Se |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
BCF value available 944 L/kg ww |
Quantitative assessment conducted |
Mo |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
Negligible |
Not needed |
Mn |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
Not environmentally classified and no concern for environment |
Not needed |
Co |
Metal ion |
Partitioning coeff. Available |
Cobalt does not biomagnify |
Not needed |
When quantitative exposure and risk assessment were conducted on a metal constituent (either because part of the UVCB composition and/or relevant at site), the environmental fate information on this individual metal is reported in the respective IUCLID endpoint summary sheet. The information is taken from the respective metal REACH IUCLID dossiers and is summarised in the table below.
Table19.Overview of solid water partition coefficients (Kd) and the fraction of emission directed to water by STP for the Lead REACH Consortium iUVCBs.
|
Unit |
Cu |
Pb |
As |
Ni |
Cd |
Zn |
Suspended matter (freshwater) |
L/Kg |
30,246 |
295,121 |
10,000 |
26,303 |
130,000 |
110,000 |
Suspended matter (marine) |
L/Kg |
131,826 |
1,518,099 |
10,000 |
6,290 |
130,000 |
6,010 |
Sediment (freshwater) |
L/Kg |
24,409 |
153,848 |
6,607 |
7,079 |
130,000 |
73,000 |
Soil |
L/Kg |
2,120 |
6,400 |
191 |
724 |
280 |
158.5 |
Removal rate STP to sludge |
% |
92 |
84 |
26* |
40 |
81 |
82 |
Reference |
Cu CSR (2010) |
Pb CSR (2020) |
Crommentuyn et al. (1997) |
Ni CSR (2010) |
Cd CSR (2010) |
Zn CSR (2010) |
*The fraction of Arsenic removed by a biological STP was calculated by means of EUSES 2.1.
|
Unit |
Sb |
Se |
Ag |
Mo |
Mn |
Co |
Cr |
Suspended matter (freshwater) |
L/Kg |
4466.84 |
3,090 |
190,546 |
2,793 |
(0) |
38,905 |
30,000 |
Suspended matter (marine) |
L/Kg |
4466.84 |
3,090 |
(0) |
2,793 |
(0) |
97,096 |
30,000 |
Sediment (freshwater) |
L/Kg |
2511.87 |
316.23 |
(0) |
1,778 |
(0) |
871 |
1,100 |
Soil |
L/Kg |
117.5 |
53.7 |
4,023 |
871 |
994 |
2951.21 |
800 |
Removal rate STP to sludge |
% |
79.1 |
50* |
80.1 |
50* |
(0) |
40 |
80 |
Reference |
Ag CSR (2010) |
Sb CSR update (2011) |
Se CSR (2010) |
Mo CSR (2010) |
Mn CSR (2010) |
Co CSR (2010) |
Cr CSR (2010) |
* If removal rate STP to sludge is unknown, the default value of 50% is used
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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