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EC number: 235-702-8 | CAS number: 12578-12-0
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_ecotoxicological-information.png)
Ecotoxicological Summary
Administrative data
Hazard for aquatic organisms
Freshwater
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 2.4 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 2
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Marine water
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC aqua (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 3.3 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 2
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
STP
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC STP
- PNEC value:
- 100 µg/L
- Assessment factor:
- 10
- Extrapolation method:
- assessment factor
Sediment (freshwater)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (freshwater)
- PNEC value:
- 186 mg/kg sediment dw
- Assessment factor:
- 3
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Sediment (marine water)
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC sediment (marine water)
- PNEC value:
- 168 mg/kg sediment dw
- Assessment factor:
- 3
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Hazard for air
Air
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- no hazard identified
Hazard for terrestrial organisms
Soil
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC soil
- PNEC value:
- 212 mg/kg soil dw
- Assessment factor:
- 1
- Extrapolation method:
- sensitivity distribution
Hazard for predators
Secondary poisoning
- Hazard assessment conclusion:
- PNEC oral
- PNEC value:
- 10.9 mg/kg food
- Assessment factor:
- 6
Additional information
In assessing the ecotoxicity of metals in the various environmental compartments (aquatic, terrestrial and sediment), it is assumed that toxicity is not controlled by the total concentration of a metal, but by the bioavailable form. For metals, this bioavailable form is generally accepted to be the free metal-ion in solution. In the absence of speciation data and as a conservative approximation, it can also be assumed that the total soluble lead pool is bioavailable. Ale reliable data on ecotoxicity and environmental fate and behaviour of lead and lead substances were therefore selected based on soluble Pb salts or measured (dissolved) Pb concentration.
The reliable ecotoxicity data selected for effects assessment of Pb in the various environmental compartments are derived from tests with soluble Pb salts (lead (di)nitrate, lead carbonate, lead acetate, lead chloride). Since lead is the toxic component and the anions do not contribute to toxicity, all reliable data are grouped together in a read-across approach and the PNEC’s are expressed as µg Pb/L (measured dissolved concentration) of mg/kg Pb. These results can be used for all other Pb compounds without considering toxicity of the anions.
Attached are documents discussing the PNEC derivation for the aquatic, terrestrial, and sediment environments, and secondary poisoning via the terrestrial food chain, which describe the process in detail.
Conclusion on classification
For ERV derivation the general rules according to the ‘Guidance on the application of the CLP criteria' (ECHA, 2015) has been followed. Therefore, the determination of the environmental acute/chronic hazard assessment for Pb is based on data that were generated according to standardised test methods (or from validated and internationally accepted test methods). For acute ERV derivation LC50values were used, while for chronic ERV derivation, NOECs or the equivalent L(E)C10were used. Unbounded toxicity values were not further considered for ERV derivation. Additionally, no marine species were considered. Furthermore, where 4 or more ecotoxicity data on the same species and endpoint were available, the data were grouped, and the geometric mean used as a representative toxicity value for that species. In other cases (> 4 data points), the lowest representative toxicity value was selected.
It is further noted that this substance is included in Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Annex VI Table 3.1 under the entry “lead compounds with the exception of those specified elsewhere in this Annex (Index No 082-001-00-6). As such, this harmonised classification is legally binding.
For the classification of metals, Transformation/Dissolution is carried out over a pH range. Ideally both T/D and ecotoxicity data are compared at a similar pH since both parameters will vary with pH. Because T/Dp tests are typically performed between pH 5,5 - 8,5, we have 'separated' the toxicity data according to 3 different pH ranges, ie 5,5-6,5/6,5-7,5/7,5-8,5.
- Acute reference values
An overview of the selected high quality species mean/lowest acute toxicity data for the 3 different pH classes is provided in the table below.
Overview of the selected high quality short-term toxicity data for the individual species (L(E)C50values expressed as µg/L) for the 3 pH classes (lowest values in bold):
Test organism | Standard method | L(E)C50 (µg/L) |
|
| pH: 5.5-6.5 | pH: >6.5-7.5 | pH: >7.5-8.5 |
Higher plants |
|
|
|
|
Lemna minor n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 221 |
1 373.0 373.0 373.0 |
1 1,674.0 1,674.0 1,674.0 |
2 221.7 482.8 221.7 |
Algae |
|
|
|
|
Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 201 |
6 72.0 364.0 163.7 |
6 26.6 79.5 37.8 |
3 20.5 49.6 20.5 |
Chlorella kessleri n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 201[1] |
1 388.0 388.0 388.0 |
/ / / / |
/ / / / |
Invertebrates |
|
|
|
|
Daphnia magna n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 202 |
/ / / / |
1 280.0 280.0 280.0 |
3 337.1 364.5 337.1 |
Ceriodaphnia dubia n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | EPA-821-R-02-012 |
3 73.6 655.6 73.6 |
16 28.8 1,179.6 240.6 |
20 26.4 3,115.8 300.6 |
Fish |
|
|
|
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 203 |
/ / / / |
8 138 1,170 445.1 |
4 125.0 1,000.0 379.5 |
Pimephales promelas n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 203 |
4 40.8 810.0 194.2 |
11 52.0 3,598.0 422.0 |
21 113.8 3,249.0 602.4 |
Poecilia reticulata n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 203 |
1 1,990.0 1,990.0 1,990.0 |
/ / / / |
/ / / / |
[1]Sensu stricto, the species Chlorella vulgaris should be used according to the OECD guideline. However, both species belong to the same genus and therefore Chlorella kessleriwas selected for classification purposes
/: no data available
- Chronic reference values
An overview of the selected high quality species mean/lowest chronic toxicity data for the 3 different pH classes is provided in the table below.
Overview of the selected high quality long-term toxicity data for the individual species (L(E)C10/NOEC values expressed as µg/L) for the 3 pH classes (lowest values in bold):
Test organism | Standard method | NOEC/L(E)C10(µg/L) | ||
pH: 5.5-6.5 | pH: >6.5-7.5 | pH: >7.5-8.5 | ||
Higher plants |
|
|
|
|
Lemna minor n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 221 |
1 186.0 186.0 186.0 Growth rate |
1 1,025.0 1,025.0 1,025.0 Growth rate |
3 85.0 348.0 85.0 Growth rate |
Algae |
|
|
|
|
Pseudokirchnerella subcapitata n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 201 |
6 25.5 190.0 58.0 Growth rate |
6 6.1 18.9 9.3 Growth rate |
2 6.1 6.2 6.1 Growth rate |
Chlorella kessleri n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value | OECD n° 201[1] |
1 120.0 120.0 120.0 |
/ / / / |
/ / / / |
Invertebrates |
|
|
|
|
Daphnia magna n Min.
Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 211 |
/ / / / |
1 9.0 9.0 9.0 Mortality |
2 30.0 250.0 30.0 Reproduction |
Ceriodaphnia dubia n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | ASTM n° E1295-01 |
2 33.3 69.5 33.3 Reproduction |
21 1.7 354.9 25.3 Reproduction |
16 20.4 107.4 52.2 Reproduction |
Fish |
|
|
|
|
Oncorhynchus mykiss n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 204; OECD n° 210; OECD n° 212 |
/ / / / |
3 18.9 423.0 18.9 Abnormalities |
3 55.4 121.0 55.4 Growth |
Cyprinus carpio n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 204; OECD n° 210; OECD n° 212 |
1 17.8 17.8 17.8 Mortality |
/ / / / |
/ / / / |
Lepomis macrochirus n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 204; OECD n° 210; OECD n° 212 |
/ / / / |
1 70.0 70.0 70.0 Growth |
/ / / / |
Salvelinus fontanilis n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 210 |
/ / / / / |
1 39.4 39.4 39.4 Growth |
/ / / / / |
Salvelinus namaycush n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 210 |
/ / / / / |
1 72.0 72.0 72.0 Mortality |
/ / / / / |
Salmo salar n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 210 |
1 48.0 48.0 48.0
|
/ / / / |
/ / / / |
Ictalurus punctatus n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint |
|
/ / / / / |
2 98.2 100.4 98.2 Growth |
/ / / / / |
Pimephales promelas n Min. Max. Geometric mean/lowest value Most sensitive endpoint | OECD n° 204; OECD n° 210; OECD n° 212 |
1 29.3 29.3 29.3 Mortality |
7 20.0 1,420.4 94.1 Mortality |
3 174.4 1,337.7 174.4 Mortality |
[1]Sensu stricto, the speciesChlorella vulgarisshould be used according to the OECD guideline. However, both species belong to the same genus and thereforeChlorella kessleriwas selected for classification purposes
/: no data available
A summary of the selected acute and chronic reference values at the different pH levels is provided in the table below.
Overview of the selected high quality acute and chronic toxicity data for the individual species (expressed as µg dissolved Pb/L) for the 3 pH classes
pH range | Reference values (µg dissolved Pb/L) | |
Acute reference value | Chronic reference value | |
pH 5.5-6.5 pH >6.5-7.5 pH >7.5-8.5 | 73.6 37.8 20.5 | 17.8 9.0 6.1 |
The conclusions on environmental classifcation are presented in Section 7.6 of the CSR.
In any case, this substance isincluded in Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 Annex VI Table 3.1 under the entry “lead compounds with the exception of those specified elsewhere in this Annex (Index No 082-001-00-6). As such, the harmonised classification of Acute 1, Chronic 1 is legally binding.
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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