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EC number: 207-586-9 | CAS number: 482-89-3
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
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Phototransformation in water
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
TiO2/UV-based photocatalysis was able to oxidize the dye with almost complete mineralization of carbon and of nitrogen heteroatoms into CO2, NH4+ and NO3-
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
The photocatalytic degradation of Indigo has been successfully demonstrated when using UV-irradiated titania-based catalysts. In addition to a prompt removal of the colour, TiO2/UV-photocatalysis was simultaneously able to oxidize the dye, with an almost complete mineralization of carbon and of nitrogen heteroatoms into innocuous compounds.
The following degradation products of Indigo in water were identified.
Table Degradation products of Indigo in water
No. |
Identity |
1. |
Oxalic acid |
2. |
Anthranilic acid |
3. |
Malic acid |
4. |
Pyruvic acid |
5. |
Malonaldehydic acid/Malonic acid |
6. |
Glycolic acid |
7. |
Tartaric acid |
8. |
Acrylic acid |
9. |
2-Nitro-benzaldehyde and/or 2,3-dihydroxyindoline |
10. |
Amino-fumaric acid |
11. |
3-Amino propenoic acid |
12. |
3-Amino; 2,3-dihydroxy- propanoic acid |
13. |
Acetic acid |
The first acids formed after 20 min of UV irradiation are oxalic, anthranilic, and malic acids, in line with the complete bleaching of the dye in 8 min. The shorter carboxylic acids appear subsequently, with a maximum amount obtained after ca. 30 min of UV irradiation. All the intermediate products, except acetic acid, are degraded within 1 h of UV-irradiation, in agreement with the time of formation of CO2 (1 h). Acetic acid requires a longer time for mineralization, as generally observed.
A detailed degradation pathway, based on careful identification of degradation products was outlined.
The irradiation of titania in the visible light produces a photoinduced decolourization of the dye but without final mineralisation, corresponding to a stoichiometric electron transfer from the dye, excited in the visible irradiation, to titania. The positive decolourization and degradation of solid Indigo, mechanically mixed, constitutes an encouraging result for self-cleaning titania-coated objects (glasses, steel, walls, etc.) fouled by solid dirt particles.
The ensemble of these results clearly suggest that TiO2/UV photocatalysis may be envisaged also as a method for treatment of Indigo containing waste waters in textile industries, especially in sunny semi-arid countries where water has to be recycled. Large solar pilot experiments are programmed for this purpose.
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