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EC number: 273-795-7 | CAS number: 69029-51-2 A scum formed on the surface of antimonial lead. Consists primarily of sodium arsenate and sodium antimonate with some lead oxide and free caustic soda.
- Life Cycle description
- Uses advised against
- Endpoint summary
- Appearance / physical state / colour
- Melting point / freezing point
- Boiling point
- Density
- Particle size distribution (Granulometry)
- Vapour pressure
- Partition coefficient
- Water solubility
- Solubility in organic solvents / fat solubility
- Surface tension
- Flash point
- Auto flammability
- Flammability
- Explosiveness
- Oxidising properties
- Oxidation reduction potential
- Stability in organic solvents and identity of relevant degradation products
- Storage stability and reactivity towards container material
- Stability: thermal, sunlight, metals
- pH
- Dissociation constant
- Viscosity
- Additional physico-chemical information
- Additional physico-chemical properties of nanomaterials
- Nanomaterial agglomeration / aggregation
- Nanomaterial crystalline phase
- Nanomaterial crystallite and grain size
- Nanomaterial aspect ratio / shape
- Nanomaterial specific surface area
- Nanomaterial Zeta potential
- Nanomaterial surface chemistry
- Nanomaterial dustiness
- Nanomaterial porosity
- Nanomaterial pour density
- Nanomaterial photocatalytic activity
- Nanomaterial radical formation potential
- Nanomaterial catalytic activity
- Endpoint summary
- Stability
- Biodegradation
- Bioaccumulation
- Transport and distribution
- Environmental data
- Additional information on environmental fate and behaviour
- Ecotoxicological Summary
- Aquatic toxicity
- Endpoint summary
- Short-term toxicity to fish
- Long-term toxicity to fish
- Short-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Long-term toxicity to aquatic invertebrates
- Toxicity to aquatic algae and cyanobacteria
- Toxicity to aquatic plants other than algae
- Toxicity to microorganisms
- Endocrine disrupter testing in aquatic vertebrates – in vivo
- Toxicity to other aquatic organisms
- Sediment toxicity
- Terrestrial toxicity
- Biological effects monitoring
- Biotransformation and kinetics
- Additional ecotoxological information
- Toxicological Summary
- Toxicokinetics, metabolism and distribution
- Acute Toxicity
- Irritation / corrosion
- Sensitisation
- Repeated dose toxicity
- Genetic toxicity
- Carcinogenicity
- Toxicity to reproduction
- Specific investigations
- Exposure related observations in humans
- Toxic effects on livestock and pets
- Additional toxicological data
![](https://echa.europa.eu./o/diss-blank-theme/images/factsheets/A-REACH/factsheet/print_guidance-on-safe-use.png)
Guidance on Safe Use
Administrative data
First-aid measures
Description of first aid measures
EYE CONTACT: Ensure that contact lenses are removed before rinsing eyes. Separate eyelids, wash the eyes thoroughly with water (15 min). Seek medical attention if irritation persists
INHALATION: Move person to fresh air. Seek medical attention.
SKIN CONTACT: Remove any contaminated clothing. Wash skin with water and soap immediately and rinse thoroughly. Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
INGESTION: Rinse mouth with water. If swallowed, induce vomiting under medical supervision.
Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
Typical clinical manifestations of lead poisoning include weakness, irritability, asthenia, nausea, abdominal pain with constipation, and anaemia.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatments needed
Symptoms of poisoning may occur after several hours; therefore medical observation for at least 48 hours after the accident is recommended.
Fire-fighting measures
Extinguishing media
The product itself does not burn. Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment. Suitable extinguishing agents: Dry chemical or sand.
Extinguishers that must not be used for safety reasons: high volume water jet. Never use water near or on molten metal.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
May give off toxic fumes in a fire, including heavy metal fumes and oxides of sulphur.
Advice for fire fighters
Self-contained breathing apparatus with full-face piece.
Accidental release measures
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Do not inhale fumes or dust. Use personal protective equipment. Wear suitable clothing, breathing protection and face protection. Ensure adequate ventilation.
Restrict the area to those persons wearing respiratory protection. Do not allow unprotected people into the area until cleanup has been completed.
Environmental precautions
Take precautions to ensure product does not contaminate the ground, water courses, or enter the drainage system.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up
Avoid generation of dust. Vacuum or sweep up into containers marked and suitable for disposal as hazardous waste. Wash spillage area after cleanup with large amounts of water.
Handling and storage
Precautions for safe handling
Ensure there is exhaust ventilation of the area. Avoid breathing dust, mist, or gas. Avoid contact with skin and eyes.
Handle lead material in such a way, that distribution of dust is minimized. Use proper industrial hygiene. Do not inhale fumes or dust. Thorough dedusting. Ensure good ventilation/extraction at the workplace. Open and handle receptable with care.
Procedural and control technologies are used to minimise emission and any resulting exposure (when handling the substance, during cleaning and maintenance works and in case of accident). All procedures are well documented and supervised by the site operator.
Only properly trained and authorised personnel may handle the substance.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities
No special precautions. Store in cool, dry and well-ventilated place.
Specific end uses(s)
Not applicable. This product is an intermediate in the production of Pb and Sn metal.
Transport information
Land transport (UN RTDG/ADR/RID)
- UN number:
- 3288
Shipping information
- Proper shipping name and description:
- TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Lead, antimonial dross)
- Chemical name:
- Lead, antimonial, dross
SpecialProvisionsopen allclose all
Inland waterway transport (UN RTDG/ADN(R))
- UN number:
- 3288
Shipping information
- Proper shipping name and description:
- TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Lead, antimonial, dross)
- Chemical name:
- Lead, antimonial, dross
Remarksopen allclose all
Marine transport (UN RTDG/IMDG)
- UN number:
- 3288
Shipping information
- Proper shipping name and description:
- TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Lead, antimonial, dross)
- Chemical name:
- Lead, antimonial, dross
- Labels:
- 6.1
- Marine pollutant
Remarksopen allclose all
Air transport (UN RTDG/ICAO/IATA)
- UN number:
- 3288
Shipping information
- Proper shipping name and description:
- TOXIC SOLID, INORGANIC, N.O.S. (Lead, antimonial, dross)
- Labels:
- 6.1
Remarksopen allclose all
SpecialProvisionsopen allclose all
Exposure controls / personal protection
Control parameters
Human Toxicity values
OELs - Lead and inorganic compounds (as Pb):
Limit values – 8 hours (mg/m³) Limit values – short term (mg/m³)
EU 0.15
United Kingdom 0.15
Austria 0.1 inhalable aerosol 0.4 inhalable aerosol
Belgium 0.15
Denmark 0.05 inhalable aerosol 0.10 inhalable aerosol
France 0.1 inhalable aerosol
Germany (AGS) 0.1 inhalable aerosol
Hungary 0.15 inhalable aerosol 0.05 respirable aerosol
0.60 inhalable aerosol 0.2 respirable aerosol
Italy 0.15 inhalable aerosol
Poland 0.05
Spain 0.15 inhalable aerosol
Sweden 0.1 inhalable aerosol 0.15 respirable aerosol
Switzerland 0.1 inhalable aerosol 0.8 inhalable aerosol
Biological action levels, inorganic lead[Registrant to add other national biological action levels as required.]
EU 70 µg/dL
UK 60 µg/dL
Germany (suspended) 40 µg/dL
10 µg/dL (for woman of reproductive capacity)
France 40 µg/dL
30 µg/dL µg/dL (for woman of reproductive capacity)
Spain 70 µg/dL
Italy 60 µg/dL
40 µg/dL (for woman of reproductive capacity)
Denmark 20 µg/dL
DN(M)ELs for workers:
Exposure pattern Route Descriptors DNEL/DMEL (appropriate unit) Most sensitive endpoint
Acute - systemic effects Dermal (mg/kg bw /day) NA NA NA
Inhalation (mg/m3) NA NA NA
Acute - local effects Dermal (mg/cm2) NA NA NA
Inhalation (mg/m3) NA NA NA
Long-term - systemic effects Systemic (μg lead /dL blood) NOAEL = 40 μg/dL 40 μg/dL
NOAEL = 10 μg/dL 10 μg/dL Adult neurological function
Developmental effect on foetus of pregnant women
Long-term – local effects Dermal (mg/cm2) NA NA NA
Inhalation (mg/m3) NA NA NA
Ecological toxicity values
The following Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNECs) were used to determine the environmental risk of lead metal (lead metal powder (particle diameter < 1mm)):
Exposure pattern Route Descriptor PNEC
Long-term – chronic effects Freshwater PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 3.1 μg Pb/L (dissolved)
Long-term- chronic effects Marine PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 3.5 μg Pb/L (dissolved)
Long-term – chronic effects Freshwater Sediment PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 174.0 mg Pb/kg dw1
41.0 mg Pb/kg dw2
Long-term – chronic effects Marine Sediment PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 164.0 mg Pb/kg dw
Long-term – chronic effects Soil PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 212.0 mg Pb/kg dw
Long-term – chronic effects STP (Sewage Treatment Plant) PNEC (Predicted No Effect Concentration) 0.1 mg Pb/L
1: without bioavailability correction; 2: with bioavailability correction
Guidance on how to comply with these PNECs is given in the attached Exposure Scenarios.
Exposure controls
Organisational measures
Personal Hygiene: Ensure workers follow simple hygiene rules (e.g. do not bite nails and keep them cut short, avoid touching or scratching face with dirty hands or gloves); Ensure workers do not wipe away sweat with hands or arms; Ensure workers use disposable tissues rather than a handkerchief; Prohibit drinking, eating and smoking in production areas, or access to eating and non-production areas in working clothes; Ensure workers wash hands, arms, faces and mouths (but preferably shower) and change into clean clothing before entering eating areas; For high exposure workplaces, separate rooms for cleaning hands, removal of clothes, showers and clean clothes may be necessary; Ensure workers handle dirty working clothes with care; Allow no personal belongings to be taken into production areas, or items that have been used in production areas to be taken home. Ensure general shop cleanliness is maintained by frequent washing/vacuuming. Clean every workplace at the end of every shift.
Blood lead monitoring: Set in place a certified monitoring regime which covers all site activities; Define a policy for submitting workers to regular blood lead monitoring, including increased frequency for workers undertaking high-risk jobs and workers with elevated blood lead levels; Ensure all workers have a blood test prior to working on site. Set an “action level” that is typically 5 µg/dL below the exposure limit deemed to be safe. If the action level is exceeded, appropriate measures are to be taken, to prevent further increases in blood lead. If the safe threshold is exceeded, continue or begin ban on overtime, ensure strict hygiene procedures are followed, undertake detailed inspections to ensure correct use of personal protective equipment, undertake detailed inspections to ensure recommended workplace procedures are followed, move employee to workplace where exposure is expected to be lower or remove from lead environment altogether, further increase blood lead sampling frequency, and continue frequent sampling until results are below the first action level.
Personal Protection Equipment
Respiratory protection: Suitable respiratory protective device recommended recommended if work activity is likely to result in formation of lead fumes, vapours or dust. In case of brief or low level exposure use dust mask or half mask with particle filter P2. Assess the need to wear respiratory protective equipment in production areas. Consider use effective masks accompanied by a compliance policy (ensure proper shaving; ensure workers do not remove RPE in production areas in order to communicate). Where masks are used, employ formal mask cleaning and filter changing strategies.
Hand Protection: Protective gloves. Material of gloves: Neoprene or Leather.
Eye protection: Safety glasses.
Skin protection: Wear protective work clothing. For workers in areas of significant exposure, provide sufficient working clothes to enable daily change into clean clothes. In such cases all work clothing should be cleaned by the employer on a daily basis and is not permitted to leave the work site.
Environmental Protection
One or more of the following measures may if necessary be taken to reduce emissions to water:
• Chemical precipitation: used primarily to remove the metal ions
• Sedimentation
• Filtration: used as final clarification step
• Electrolysis: for low metal concentration
• Reverse osmosis: extensively used for the removal of dissolved metals
• Ion exchange: final cleaning step in the removal of heavy metal from process wastewater
One or more of the following measures may if necessary be taken to reduce emissions to air:
• Electrostatic precipitators using wide electrode spacing: Wet electrostatic precipitators:
• Cyclones, but as primary collector Fabric or bag filters: high efficiency in controlling fine particulate (melting): achieve emission values Membrane filtration techniques can achieve
• Ceramic and metal mesh filters. PM10 particles are removed
• Wet scrubbers
Lead compound removal from treatment works should be at least the minimum default 84% removal used in the CSR. Solid material collected from on-site treatment must be sent for metal recovery or treated as hazardous waste. Waste water treatment sludge must be recycled, incinerated or landfilled and not used as agricultural fertiliser.
Stability and reactivity
Reactivity
No reactive hazards known. Stable under normal conditions
Chemical stability
Expected to be stable under normal conditions of use.
Possibility of hazardous reactions
No hazardous reactions expected.
Conditions to avoid
Avoid excessive exposure to heat. Avoid exposure to moisture – keep dry.
Incompatible materials
Metals. Oxidising agents. Fluorine.
Hazardous decomposition products
No decomposition if used as directed.
Disposal considerations
Product recommendation:Waste from handling the product is classified as hazardous waste. Collect spillage of metals and oxides in separate container.
Waste must be removed in accordance with national and/or regional waste legislation.
European waste catalogue:
06 04 05, 10 04 05
Information on Registered Substances comes from registration dossiers which have been assigned a registration number. The assignment of a registration number does however not guarantee that the information in the dossier is correct or that the dossier is compliant with Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (the REACH Regulation). This information has not been reviewed or verified by the Agency or any other authority. The content is subject to change without prior notice.
Reproduction or further distribution of this information may be subject to copyright protection. Use of the information without obtaining the permission from the owner(s) of the respective information might violate the rights of the owner.
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